Chemistry Word Problem Strategy

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Many problems in chemistry and other sciences are presented as word problems. Word problems are as easy to solve as numerical problems once you understand how to approach them.

How to Solve Chemistry Word Problems

  • Before you break out your calculator, read the problem all the way through. Make sure you understand what the question is asking.
  • Write down all of the information you have been given. Keep in mind, you may be given more facts than you need to use in order to perform the calculation.
  • Write down the equation or equations you need to use in order to solve the problem.
  • Before you plug the numbers into the equations, check the units required for the equations. You may need to perform unit conversions before you can apply the equations.
  • Once you are certain your units are in agreement, plug the numbers into the equation and get your answer.
  • Ask yourself whether the answer seems reasonable. For example, if you are calculating the mass of a beaker and you end up with an answer in kilograms, you can be pretty certain you made an error in a conversion or calculation.
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How to Solve a Chemistry Problem

Last Updated: February 15, 2024

This article was co-authored by Anne Schmidt . Anne Schmidt is a Chemistry Instructor in Wisconsin. Anne has been teaching high school chemistry for over 20 years and is passionate about providing accessible and educational chemistry content. She has over 9,000 subscribers to her educational chemistry YouTube channel. She has presented at the American Association of Chemistry Teachers (AATC) and was an Adjunct General Chemistry Instructor at Northeast Wisconsin Technical College. Anne was published in the Journal of Chemical Education as a Co-Author, has an article in ChemEdX, and has presented twice and was published with the AACT. Anne has a BS in Chemistry from the University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh, and an MA in Secondary Education and Teaching from Viterbo University. This article has been viewed 16,610 times.

Chemistry problems can vary in many different ways. Some questions are conceptual and others are quantitative. Each problem requires its own approach, and each has a different way to solve it correctly. What you can do is make a set of steps that can help us with any problems that you come across in the field of chemistry. Using these steps should help give you a guideline to working on any chemistry problem you encounter.

Starting the Problem

Step 1 Read the problem completely.

Finishing the Problem

Step 1 Check your units again.

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Chemistry Problems

Use chemistry problems as a tool for mastering chemistry concepts. Some of these examples show using formulas while others include lists of examples.

Acids, Bases, and pH Chemistry Problems

Learn about acids and bases. See how to calculate pH, pOH, K a , K b , pK a , and pK b .

  • Practice calculating pH.
  • Get example pH, pK a , pK b , K a , and K b calculations.
  • Get examples of amphoterism.

Atomic Structure Problems

Learn about atomic mass, the Bohr model, and the part of the atom.

  • Practice identifying atomic number, mass number, and atomic mass.
  • Get examples showing ways to find atomic mass.
  • Use Avogadro’s number and find the mass of a single atom .
  • Review the Bohr model of the atom.
  • Find the number of valence electrons of an element’s atom.

Chemical Bonds

Learn how to use electronegativity to determine whether atoms form ionic or covalent bonds. See chemistry problems drawing Lewis structures.

  • Identify ionic and covalent bonds.
  • Learn about ionic compounds and get examples.
  • Practice identifying ionic compounds.
  • Get examples of binary compounds.
  • Learn about covalent compounds and their properties.
  • See how to assign oxidation numbers.
  • Practice drawing Lewis structures.
  • Practice calculating bond energy.

Chemical Equations

Practice writing and balancing chemical equations.

  • Learn the steps of balancing equations.
  • Practice balancing chemical equations (practice quiz).
  • Get examples finding theoretical yield.
  • Practice calculating percent yield.
  • Learn to recognize decomposition reactions.
  • Practice recognizing synthesis reactions.
  • Practice recognizing single replacement reactions.
  • Recognize double replacement reactions.
  • Find the mole ratio between chemical species in an equation.

Concentration and Solutions

Learn how to calculate concentration and explore chemistry problems that affect chemical concentration, including freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, and vapor pressure elevation.

  • Get example concentration calculations in several units.
  • Practice calculating normality (N).
  • Practice calculating molality (m).
  • Explore example molarity (M) calculations.
  • Get examples of colligative properties of solutions.
  • See the definition and examples of saturated solutions.
  • See the definition and examples of unsaturated solutions.
  • Get examples of miscible and immiscible liquids.

Error Calculations

Learn about the types of error and see worked chemistry example problems.

  • See how to calculate percent.
  • Practice absolute and relative error calculations.
  • See how to calculate percent error.
  • See how to find standard deviation.
  • Calculate mean, median, and mode.
  • Review the difference between accuracy and precision.

Equilibrium Chemistry Problems

Learn about Le Chatelier’s principle, reaction rates, and equilibrium.

  • Solve activation energy chemistry problems.
  • Review factors that affect reaction rate.
  • Practice calculating the van’t Hoff factor.

Practice chemistry problems using the gas laws, including Raoult’s law, Graham’s law, Boyle’s law, Charles’ law, and Dalton’s law of partial pressures.

  • Calculate vapor pressure.
  • Solve Avogadro’s law problems.
  • Practice Boyle’s law problems.
  • See Charles’ law example problems.
  • Solve combined gas law problems.
  • Solve Gay-Lussac’s law problems.

Some chemistry problems ask you identify examples of states of matter and types of mixtures. While there are any chemical formulas to know, it’s still nice to have lists of examples.

  • Practice density calculations.
  • Identify intensive and extensive properties of matter.
  • See examples of intrinsic and extrinsic properties of matter.
  • Get the definition and examples of solids.
  • Get the definition and examples of gases.
  • See the definition and examples of liquids.
  • Learn what melting point is and get a list of values for different substances.
  • Get the azeotrope definition and see examples.
  • See how to calculate specific volume of a gas.
  • Get examples of physical properties of matter.
  • Get examples of chemical properties of matter.
  • Review the states of matter.

Molecular Structure Chemistry Problems

See chemistry problems writing chemical formulas. See examples of monatomic and diatomic elements.

  • Practice empirical and molecular formula problems.
  • Practice simplest formula problems.
  • See how to calculate molecular mass.
  • Get examples of the monatomic elements.
  • See examples of binary compounds.
  • Calculate the number of atoms and molecules in a drop of water.

Nomenclature

Practice chemistry problems naming ionic compounds, hydrocarbons, and covalent compounds.

  • Practice naming covalent compounds.
  • Learn hydrocarbon prefixes in organic chemistry.

Nuclear Chemistry

These chemistry problems involve isotopes, nuclear symbols, half-life, radioactive decay, fission, fusion.

  • Review the types of radioactive decay.

Periodic Table

Learn how to use a periodic table and explore periodic table trends.

  • Know the trends in the periodic table.
  • Review how to use a periodic table.
  • Explore the difference between atomic and ionic radius and see their trends on the periodic table.

Physical Chemistry

Explore thermochemistry and physical chemistry, including enthalpy, entropy, heat of fusion, and heat of vaporization.

  • Practice heat of vaporization chemistry problems.
  • Practice heat of fusion chemistry problems.
  • Calculate heat required to turn ice into steam.
  • Practice calculating specific heat.
  • Get examples of potential energy.
  • Get examples of kinetic energy.
  • See example activation energy calculations.

Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemistry Problems

See chemistry problems involving the interaction between light and matter.

  • Calculate wavelength from frequency or frequency from wavelength.

Stoichiometry Chemistry Problems

Practice chemistry problems balancing formulas for mass and charge. Learn about reactants and products.

  • Get example mole ratio problems.
  • Calculate percent yield.
  • Learn how to assign oxidation numbers.
  • Get the definition and examples of reactants in chemistry.
  • Get the definition and examples of products in chemical reactions.

Unit Conversions

There are some many examples of unit conversions that they have their own separate page!

how to solve chemistry word problems

Chemistry Assistant

Ai-powered chemistry problem solver.

  • Homework Help: Students can use the Chemistry Assistant to help understand and work through chemistry problems in their homework.
  • Teaching Aid: Teachers can use this tool to generate solutions to chemistry problems, aiding in lesson planning and student instruction.
  • Exam Preparation: Use the Chemistry Assistant to prepare for chemistry exams by solving practice problems and getting explanations of chemistry terms and principles.
  • Research Assistance: Researchers can use this tool to help work through chemistry problems in their work.

Yes, the Chemistry Assistant is designed to handle a wide range of chemistry problems, from basic to advanced. However, it's always important to cross-verify the solutions provided by the AI with trusted resources or professionals in the field to ensure accuracy and understanding, especially with more complex problems and principles.

While the Chemistry Assistant is specifically designed for chemistry problems, HyperWrite offers other AI tools for different subjects and needs. You can explore more tools at app.hyperwriteai.com/tools .

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Hypergeometric Functions: From Euler to Appell and Beyond

Leveling up in life sciences: unleashing the power of computational biology with wolfram language, new in 14: geometry & graphs, chemistry step-by-step solutions: chemical reactions.

Chemistry Step-by-Step Solutions: Chemical Reactions

If you’re studying chemistry or are in a discipline requiring chemistry prerequisite courses, then you know how expensive the required textbooks can be. To combat this, the chemical education community has developed open educational resources to provide free chemistry textbooks. However, although free textbooks keep cash in your wallet, they don’t include solution guides for all the homework problems.

Luckily, the Step-by-Step Solutions feature of Wolfram|Alpha has got your back! Whether you’re studying remotely or collaborating via video conferencing, Wolfram|Alpha helps you learn and apply the problem-solving frameworks for chemical word problems. The step-by-step solutions provide stepwise solution guides that can be viewed one step at a time or all at once. The guides not only hone efficient problem solving, but also facilitate digging deeper into concepts that might still be murky.

Over the next few weeks, we’ll be exploring some of the popular topics that middle-school, high-school and college students encounter in their chemistry courses and final exams: chemical reactions, structure and bonding , chemical solutions , and finally, quantum chemistry . Read on for example problems in chemical reactions and their step-by-step solutions!

Balancing Chemical Equations

A fundamental aspect of chemistry is balancing chemical equations . If chemical equations are the language in which chemical processes are expressed, then balancing chemical equations is the corresponding grammar. The step-by-step solution walks you through a robust algebraic approach to identifying the stoichiometric coefficients.

Example Problem

Write the balanced equation for the reaction of copper with nitric acid to produce copper nitrate, nitrogen oxide and water.

Step-by-Step Solution

For this class of problem, just enter “ balance copper + nitric acid -> copper nitrate + nitrogen dioxide + water ”.

"balance copper + nitric acid -> copper nitrate + nitrogen dioxide + water"

After balancing the related chemical equations, the next step in planning a laboratory experiment is computing how much of each reactant must be measured out. To do this, one needs the molar mass for each reactant. Step-by-step solutions are available for the molecular mass and relative molecular mass in addition to the molar mass . In all cases, a general framework for solving these types of problems is provided via the Plan step. Details of which formula to use and how to gather the necessary information are provided.

Calculate the molar mass of silver sulfate, Ag 2 SO 4 .

In this case, just enter “ molar mass silver sulfate ”.

"molar mass silver sulfate"

Mass Composition

One way to analyze individual chemicals is to compute and compare the mass and atom percentages. The step-by-step solution provides a general framework for solving this class of problem in the Plan step. Details of the relevant equations, as well as how to compute the necessary intermediate values, are provided. Ways in which you can check your work during the calculations are also available via the “Show intermediate steps” buttons.

Antihemophilic factor is a coagulant with the formula C 11794 H 18314 N 3220 O 355 S 83 . What is its percent composition?

For the answer, just enter “ antihemophilic factor elemental composition ”.

"antihemophilic factor elemental composition"

Chemical Conversions

Chemical conversions crop up in nearly every chemistry homework or research problem. As such, step-by-step solutions are available for converting among moles , mass , volume , molecules and atoms . Unit conversions and dimensional analysis details are provided.

How many atoms are in five milliliters of a 1.5 mM magnesium hydroxide solution?

To solve this, just enter “ convert 5 mL of 1.5 mM magnesium hydroxide to atoms ”.

"convert 5 mL of 1.5 mM magnesium hydroxide to atoms"

Stoichiometry

After running a chemical reaction, one often wants to know how the reaction went by computing the reaction yields . Step-by-step solutions are available for computing the amount of reactants needed and the theoretical yield in addition to the percent yield . The use of stoichiometric factors to generate the desired values is explained in detail.

Upon reaction of 1.274 grams of copper sulfate with excess zinc metal, 0.392 grams of copper metal was obtained according to the following equation: CuSO 4 (aq)+Zn(s)⟶Cu(s)+ZnSO 4 (aq). What is the percent yield?

To find the percent yield, just append the mass values to the corresponding chemical species and ask for the stoichiometry, “ 1.274 g CuSO4 + Zn -> 0.392 g Cu + ZnSO4 stoichiometry ”.

"1.274 g CuSO4 + Zn -> 0.392 g Cu + ZnSO4 stoichiometry"

Challenge Problems

Test your chemical reaction problem-solving skills by using the Wolfram|Alpha tools described to solve these word problems. Answers will be provided in the next blog post in this series.

  • Compute the molecular mass of acetaminophen. Is the element with the largest atom count also the element with the largest mass percent?
  • What is the limiting reactant and theoretical yield when 24.8 grams of white phosphorus and 0.200 moles of oxygen react to form 10.0 grams of phosphorus pentoxide?

And More Chemistry to Come

Whether you’re studying for upcoming final exams, puzzling out homework or just looking for a refresher, chemical reactions are one of many chemistry topics covered by the Wolfram|Alpha knowledgebase. Next week we’ll cover step-by-step solutions for chemical solutions , followed by structure and bonding , and then quantum chemistry . If you have suggestions for other step-by-step content (in chemistry or other subjects), please let us know! You can reach us by leaving a comment below or sending in feedback at the bottom of any Wolfram|Alpha query page.

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Chemistry LibreTexts

5.1.1: Practice Problems- Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations

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PROBLEM \(\PageIndex{1}\)

Balance the following equations:

  • \(\ce{PCl5}(s)+\ce{H2O}(l)\rightarrow \ce{POCl3}(l)+\ce{HCl}(aq)\)
  • \(\ce{Cu}(s)+\ce{HNO3}(aq)\rightarrow \ce{Cu(NO3)2}(aq)+\ce{H2O}(l)+\ce{NO}(g)\)
  • \(\ce{H2}(g)+\ce{I2}(s)\rightarrow \ce{HI}(s)\)
  • \(\ce{Fe}(s)+\ce{O2}(g)\rightarrow \ce{Fe2O3}(s)\)
  • \(\ce{Na}(s)+\ce{H2O}(l)\rightarrow \ce{NaOH}(aq)+\ce{H2}(g)\)
  • \(\ce{(NH4)2Cr2O7}(s)\rightarrow \ce{Cr2O3}(s)+\ce{N2}(g)+\ce{H2O}(g)\)
  • \(\ce{P4}(s)+\ce{Cl2}(g)\rightarrow \ce{PCl3}(l)\)
  • \(\ce{PtCl4}(s)\rightarrow \ce{Pt}(s)+\ce{Cl2}(g)\)

\(\ce{PCl5}(s)+\ce{H2O}(l)\rightarrow \ce{POCl3}(l)+\ce{2HCl}(aq)\)

\(\ce{3Cu}(s)+\ce{8HNO3}(aq)\rightarrow \ce{3Cu(NO3)2}(aq)+\ce{4H2O}(l)+\ce{2NO}(g)\)

\(\ce{H2}(g)+\ce{I2}(s)\rightarrow \ce{2HI}(s)\)

\(\ce{4Fe}(s)+\ce{3O2}(g)\rightarrow \ce{2Fe2O3}(s)\)

\(\ce{2Na}(s)+\ce{2H2O}(l)\rightarrow \ce{2NaOH}(aq)+\ce{H2}(g)\)

\(\ce{(NH4)2Cr52O7}(s)\rightarrow \ce{Cr2O3}(s)+\ce{N2}(g)+\ce{4H2O}(g)\)

\(\ce{P4}(s)+\ce{6Cl2}(g)\rightarrow \ce{4PCl3}(l)\)

\(\ce{PtCl4}(s)\rightarrow \ce{Pt}(s)+\ce{2Cl2}(g)\)

PROBLEM \(\PageIndex{2}\)

  • \(\ce{Ag}(s)+\ce{H2S}(g)+\ce{O2}(g)\rightarrow \ce{Ag2S}(s)+\ce{H2O}(l)\)
  • \(\ce{P4}(s)+\ce{O2}(g)\rightarrow \ce{P4O10}(s)\)
  • \(\ce{Pb}(s)+\ce{H2O}(l)+\ce{O2}(g)\rightarrow \ce{Pb(OH)2}(s)\)
  • \(\ce{Fe}(s)+\ce{H2O}(l)\rightarrow \ce{Fe3O4}(s)+\ce{H2}(g)\)
  • \(\ce{Sc2O3}(s)+\ce{SO3}(l)\rightarrow \ce{Sc2(SO4)3}(s)\)
  • \(\ce{Ca3(PO4)2}(aq)+\ce{H3PO4}(aq)\rightarrow \ce{Ca(H2PO4)2}(aq)\)
  • \(\ce{Al}(s)+\ce{H2SO4}(aq)\rightarrow \ce{Al2(SO4)3}(s)+\ce{H2}(g)\)
  • \(\ce{TiCl4}(s)+\ce{H2O}(g)\rightarrow \ce{TiO2}(s)+\ce{HCl}(g)\)

\(\ce{4Ag}(s)+\ce{2H2S}(g)+\ce{O2}(g)\rightarrow \ce{2Ag2S}(s)+\ce{2H2O}(l)\)

\(\ce{P4}(s)+\ce{5O2}(g)\rightarrow \ce{P4O10}(s)\)

\(\ce{2Pb}(s)+\ce{2H2O}(l)+\ce{O2}(g)\rightarrow \ce{2Pb(OH)2}(s)\)

\(\ce{3Fe}(s)+\ce{4H2O}(l)\rightarrow \ce{Fe3O4}(s)+\ce{4H2}(g)\)

\(\ce{Sc2O3}(s)+\ce{3SO3}(l)\rightarrow \ce{Sc2(SO4)3}(s)\)

\(\ce{Ca3(PO4)2}(aq)+\ce{4H3PO4}(aq)\rightarrow \ce{3Ca(H2PO4)2}(aq)\)

\(\ce{2Al}(s)+\ce{3H2SO4}(aq)\rightarrow \ce{Al2(SO4)3}(s)+\ce{3H2}(g)\)

\(\ce{TiCl4}(s)+\ce{2H2O}(g)\rightarrow \ce{TiO2}(s)+\ce{4HCl}(g)\)

PROBLEM \(\PageIndex{3}\)

Write a balanced molecular equation describing each of the following chemical reactions.

  • Solid calcium carbonate is heated and decomposes to solid calcium oxide and carbon dioxide gas.
  • Gaseous butane, C 4 H 10 , reacts with diatomic oxygen gas to yield gaseous carbon dioxide and water vapor.
  • Aqueous solutions of magnesium chloride and sodium hydroxide react to produce solid magnesium hydroxide and aqueous sodium chloride.
  • Water vapor reacts with sodium metal to produce solid sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.

\(\ce{CaCO3}(s)\rightarrow \ce{CaO}(s)+\ce{CO2}(g)\)

\(\ce{2C4H10}(g)+\ce{13O2}(g)\rightarrow \ce{8CO2}(g)+\ce{10H2O}(g)\)

\(\ce{MgCl2}(aq)+\ce{2NaOH}(aq)\rightarrow \ce{Mg(OH)2}(s)+\ce{2NaCl}(aq)\)

\(\ce{2H2O}(g)+\ce{2Na}(s)\rightarrow \ce{2NaOH}(s)+\ce{H2}(g)\)

PROBLEM \(\PageIndex{4}\)

Write a balanced equation describing each of the following chemical reactions.

  • Solid potassium chlorate, KClO 3 , decomposes to form solid potassium chloride and diatomic oxygen gas.
  • Solid aluminum metal reacts with solid diatomic iodine to form solid Al 2 I 6 .
  • When solid sodium chloride is added to aqueous sulfuric acid, hydrogen chloride gas and aqueous sodium sulfate are produced.
  • Aqueous solutions of phosphoric acid and potassium hydroxide react to produce aqueous potassium dihydrogen phosphate and liquid water.

\(\ce{2KClO3}(s)\rightarrow \ce{2KCl}(s)+\ce{3O2}(g)\)

\(\ce{2Al}(s)+\ce{3I2}(s)\rightarrow \ce{Al2I6}(s)\)

\(\ce{2NaCl}(s)+\ce{H2SO4}(aq)\rightarrow \ce{2HCl}(g)+\ce{Na2SO4}(aq)\)

\(\ce{H3PO4}(aq)+\ce{KOH}(aq)\rightarrow \ce{KH2PO4}(aq)+\ce{H2O}(l)\)

PROBLEM \(\PageIndex{5}\)

Colorful fireworks often involve the decomposition of barium nitrate and potassium chlorate and the reaction of the metals magnesium, aluminum, and iron with oxygen.

  • Write the formulas of barium nitrate and potassium chlorate.
  • The decomposition of solid potassium chlorate leads to the formation of solid potassium chloride and diatomic oxygen gas. Write an equation for the reaction.
  • The decomposition of solid barium nitrate leads to the formation of solid barium oxide, diatomic nitrogen gas, and diatomic oxygen gas. Write an equation for the reaction.
  • Write separate equations for the reactions of the solid metals magnesium, aluminum, and iron with diatomic oxygen gas to yield the corresponding metal oxides. (Assume the iron oxide contains Fe 3+ ions.)

Ba(NO 3 ) 2 , KClO 3

\(\ce{2Ba(NO3)2}(s)\rightarrow \ce{2BaO}(s)+\ce{2N2}(g)+\ce{5O2}(g)\)

\(\ce{2Mg}(s)+\ce{O2}(g)\rightarrow \ce{2MgO}(s)\) ; \(\ce{4Al}(s)+\ce{3O2}(g)\rightarrow \ce{2Al2O3}(g)\); \(\ce{4Fe}(s)+\ce{3O2}(g)\rightarrow \ce{2Fe2O3}(s)\)

PROBLEM \(\PageIndex{6}\)

Aqueous hydrogen fluoride (hydrofluoric acid) is used to etch glass and to analyze minerals for their silicon content. Hydrogen fluoride will also react with sand (silicon dioxide).

  • Write an equation for the reaction of solid silicon dioxide with hydrofluoric acid to yield gaseous silicon tetrafluoride and liquid water.
  • The mineral fluorite (calcium fluoride) occurs extensively in Illinois. Solid calcium fluoride can also be prepared by the reaction of aqueous solutions of calcium chloride and sodium fluoride, yielding aqueous sodium chloride as the other product. Write the equation for this reaction.

\(\ce{4HF}(aq)+\ce{SiO2}(s)\rightarrow \ce{SiF4}(g)+\ce{2H2O}(l)\)

\(\ce{CaCl2}(aq)+\ce{2NaF}(aq)\rightarrow \ce{2NaCl}(aq)+\ce{CaF2}(s)\)

PROBLEM \(\PageIndex{7}\)

A novel process for obtaining magnesium from sea water involves several reactions. Write a balanced chemical equation for each step of the process.

  • The first step is the decomposition of solid calcium carbonate from seashells to form solid calcium oxide and gaseous carbon dioxide.
  • The second step is the formation of solid calcium hydroxide as the only product from the reaction of the solid calcium oxide with liquid water.
  • Solid calcium hydroxide is then added to the seawater, reacting with dissolved magnesium chloride to yield solid magnesium hydroxide and aqueous calcium chloride.
  • The solid magnesium hydroxide is added to a hydrochloric acid solution, producing dissolved magnesium chloride and liquid water.
  • Finally, the magnesium chloride is melted and electrolyzed to yield liquid magnesium metal and diatomic chlorine gas.

\(\ce{CaO}(s)+\ce{H2O}(l)\rightarrow \ce{Ca(OH)2}(s)\)

\(\ce{Ca(OH)2}(s)+\ce{MgCl2}(aq)\rightarrow \ce{Mg(OH)2}(s)+\ce{CaCl2}(aq)\)

\(\ce{Mg(OH)2}(s)+\ce{2HCl}(aq)\rightarrow \ce{MgCl2}(aq)+\ce{2H2O}(l)\)

\(\ce{MgCl2}(s)\rightarrow \ce{Mg}(s)+\ce{Cl2}(g)\)

Contributors

Paul Flowers (University of North Carolina - Pembroke), Klaus Theopold (University of Delaware) and Richard Langley (Stephen F. Austin State University) with contributing authors.  Textbook content produced by OpenStax College is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 license. Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/[email protected] ).

  • Adelaide Clark, Oregon Institute of Technology
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How to Solve Word Problems in Chemistry

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In addition to having to master a vast number of difficult concepts and lab procedures, high school chemistry students must also learn, with little or no coaching from their teachers, how to solve tough word problems. Picking up where standard chemistry texts leave off, How to Solve Word Problems in Chemistry takes the fear and frustration out of chemistry word problems by providing students with easy-to-follow procedures for solving problems in everything from radioactive half-life to oxidation-reduction reactions.

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  • Pre Algebra Order of Operations Factors & Primes Fractions Long Arithmetic Decimals Exponents & Radicals Ratios & Proportions Percent Modulo Number Line Mean, Median & Mode
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  • \mathrm{Lauren's\:age\:is\:half\:of\:Joe's\:age.\:Emma\:is\:four\:years\:older\:than\:Joe.\:The\:sum\:of\:Lauren,\:Emma,\:and\:Joe's\:age\:is\:54.\:How\:old\:is\:Joe?}
  • \mathrm{Kira\:went\:for\:a\:drive\:in\:her\:new\:car.\:She\:drove\:for\:142.5\:miles\:at\:a\:speed\:of\:57\:mph.\:For\:how\:many\:hours\:did\:she\:drive?}
  • \mathrm{The\:sum\:of\:two\:numbers\:is\:249\:.\:Twice\:the\:larger\:number\:plus\:three\:times\:the\:smaller\:number\:is\:591\:.\:Find\:the\:numbers.}
  • \mathrm{If\:2\:tacos\:and\:3\:drinks\:cost\:12\:and\:3\:tacos\:and\:2\:drinks\:cost\:13\:how\:much\:does\:a\:taco\:cost?}
  • \mathrm{You\:deposit\:3000\:in\:an\:account\:earning\:2\%\:interest\:compounded\:monthly.\:How\:much\:will\:you\:have\:in\:the\:account\:in\:15\:years?}
  • How do you solve word problems?
  • To solve word problems start by reading the problem carefully and understanding what it's asking. Try underlining or highlighting key information, such as numbers and key words that indicate what operation is needed to perform. Translate the problem into mathematical expressions or equations, and use the information and equations generated to solve for the answer.
  • How do you identify word problems in math?
  • Word problems in math can be identified by the use of language that describes a situation or scenario. Word problems often use words and phrases which indicate that performing calculations is needed to find a solution. Additionally, word problems will often include specific information such as numbers, measurements, and units that needed to be used to solve the problem.
  • Is there a calculator that can solve word problems?
  • Symbolab is the best calculator for solving a wide range of word problems, including age problems, distance problems, cost problems, investments problems, number problems, and percent problems.
  • What is an age problem?
  • An age problem is a type of word problem in math that involves calculating the age of one or more people at a specific point in time. These problems often use phrases such as 'x years ago,' 'in y years,' or 'y years later,' which indicate that the problem is related to time and age.

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  • High School Math Solutions – Systems of Equations Calculator, Elimination A system of equations is a collection of two or more equations with the same set of variables. In this blog post,... Read More

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iPhone Battery and Performance

Understand iPhone performance and its relation to your battery.

Your iPhone is designed to be simple and easy to use. This is only possible through a combination of advanced technologies and sophisticated engineering. One important technology area is battery and performance. Batteries are a complex technology, and a number of variables contribute to battery performance and related iPhone performance. All rechargeable batteries are consumables and have a limited lifespan — eventually their capacity and performance decline such that they need to be replaced. Learn more about iPhone batteries and how battery aging can affect iPhone performance.

About lithium-ion batteries

iPhone batteries use lithium-ion technology. Compared with older generations of battery technology, lithium-ion batteries charge faster, last longer, and have a higher power density for more battery life in a lighter package. Rechargeable lithium-ion technology currently provides the best technology for your device. Learn more about lithium-ion batteries .

How to maximize battery performance

“Battery life” is the amount of time a device runs before it needs to be recharged. “Battery lifespan” is the amount of time a battery lasts until it needs to be replaced. One factor affecting battery life and lifespan is the mix of things you do with your device. No matter how you use your device, there are ways to help. A battery’s lifespan is related to its “chemical age,” which is more than just the passage of time. It includes different factors, such as the number of charge cycles and how it was cared for. Follow these tips to maximize battery performance and help extend battery lifespan. For example, keep iPhone half charged when it’s stored for the long term. Also avoid charging or leaving iPhone in hot environments, including direct sun exposure, for extended periods of time.

When batteries chemically age

All rechargeable batteries are consumable components that become less effective as they chemically age.

As lithium-ion batteries chemically age, the amount of charge they can hold diminishes, resulting in shorter amounts of time before a device needs to be recharged. This can be referred to as the battery’s maximum capacity — the measure of battery capacity relative to when it was new. In addition, a battery’s ability to deliver maximum instantaneous performance, or “peak power,” might decrease. For a phone to function properly, the electronics must be able to draw upon instantaneous power from the battery. One attribute that affects this instantaneous power delivery is the battery’s impedance. A battery with a high impedance might be unable to provide sufficient power to the system that needs it. A battery's impedance can increase if a battery has a higher chemical age. A battery’s impedance will temporarily increase at a low state of charge and in a cold temperature environment. When coupled with a higher chemical age, the impedance increase will be more significant. These are characteristics of battery chemistry that are common to all lithium-ion batteries in the industry.

When power is pulled from a battery with a higher level of impedance, the battery’s voltage will drop to a greater degree. Electronic components require a minimum voltage to properly operate. This includes the device’s internal storage, power circuits, and the battery itself. The power management system determines the capability of the battery to supply this power and manages the loads to maintain operations. When the operations can no longer be supported with the full capabilities of the power management system, the system will perform a shutdown to preserve these electronic components. While this shutdown is intentional from the device perspective, it might be unexpected by the user.

Preventing unexpected shutdowns

You're more likely to experience unexpected shutdowns when your battery has a low state of charge, a higher chemical age, or when you're in colder temperatures. In extreme cases, shutdowns can occur more frequently, making the device unreliable or unusable. For iPhone 6, iPhone 6 Plus, iPhone 6s, iPhone 6s Plus, iPhone SE (1st generation), iPhone 7, and iPhone 7 Plus, iOS dynamically manages performance peaks to prevent the device from unexpectedly shutting down, so you can still use your iPhone. This performance management feature is specific to iPhone and doesn't apply to any other Apple products. Starting with iOS 12.1, iPhone 8, iPhone 8 Plus, and iPhone X include this feature; iPhone XS, iPhone XS Max, and iPhone XR include this feature starting with iOS 13.1. Learn about performance management on iPhone 11 and later .

iPhone performance management works by looking at a combination of the device temperature, battery state of charge, and battery impedance. Only if these variables require it, iOS will dynamically manage the maximum performance of some system components, such as the CPU and GPU, in order to prevent unexpected shutdowns. As a result, the device workloads will self-balance, allowing a smoother distribution of system tasks, rather than larger, quick spikes of performance all at once. In some cases, you might not notice any differences in device performance. The level of perceived change depends on how much performance management is required for your device.

In cases that require more extreme performance management, you might notice effects such as:

Longer app launch times

Lower frame rates while scrolling

Backlight dimming (which can be overridden in Control Center)

Lower speaker volume by up to -3dB

Gradual frame rate reductions in some apps

During the most extreme cases, the camera flash will be disabled as visible in the camera UI

Apps refreshing in background might require reloading upon launch

Many key areas aren't affected by this performance management feature. Some of these include:

Cellular call quality and networking throughput performance

Captured photo and video quality

GPS performance

Location accuracy

Sensors like gyroscope, accelerometer, barometer

For a low battery state of charge and colder temperatures, performance-management changes are temporary. If a device battery has chemically aged far enough, performance-management changes might be more lasting. This is because all rechargeable batteries are consumables and have a limited lifespan, eventually needing to be replaced. If you are impacted by this and would like to improve your device performance, replacing your device battery can help.

For iOS 11.3 and later

iOS 11.3 and later improve performance management by periodically assessing the level of performance management necessary to avoid unexpected shutdowns. If the battery health is able to support the observed peak power requirements, the amount of performance management will be lowered. If an unexpected shutdown occurs again, performance management will increase. This assessment is ongoing, allowing more adaptive performance management.

iPhone 8 and later use an advanced hardware and software design that provides a more accurate estimation of both power needs and the battery’s power capability to maximize overall system performance. This allows iOS to anticipate and avoid an unexpected shutdown more precisely. As a result, the effects of performance management might be less noticeable on iPhone 8 and later. Over time, the rechargeable batteries in all iPhone models will diminish in their capacity and peak performance and will eventually need to be replaced.

image alt text

Battery Health

For iPhone 6 and later, iOS 11.3 and later add new features to show battery health and recommend if you need to replace the battery. You can find these in Settings > Battery > Battery Health (with iOS 16.1 or later, find these in Settings > Battery > Battery Health & Charging).

Additionally, you can see if the performance-management feature, which dynamically manages maximum performance to prevent unexpected shutdowns, is on, and you can choose to turn it off. This feature is enabled only after an unexpected shutdown first occurs on a device with a battery that has diminished ability to deliver maximum instantaneous power. This feature applies to iPhone 6, iPhone 6 Plus, iPhone 6s, iPhone 6s Plus, iPhone SE (1st generation), iPhone 7, and iPhone 7 Plus. Starting with iOS 12.1, iPhone 8, iPhone 8 Plus, and iPhone X include this feature; iPhone XS, iPhone XS Max, and iPhone XR include this feature starting with iOS 13.1. Learn about performance management on iPhone 11 and later . The effects of performance management on these newer models might be less noticeable due to their more advanced hardware and software design.

Devices updating from iOS 11.2.6 or earlier will initially have performance management disabled; it will be reenabled if the device subsequently experiences an unexpected shutdown.

All iPhone models include fundamental performance management to ensure that the battery and overall system operates as designed and internal components are protected. This includes behavior in hot or cold temperatures, as well as internal voltage management. This type of performance management is required for safety and expected function, and cannot be turned off.

image alt text

Your battery's maximum capacity

The Battery Health screen includes information on maximum battery capacity and peak performance capability.

Maximum battery capacity measures the device battery capacity relative to when it was new. A battery will have lower capacity as the battery chemically ages, which might result in fewer hours of usage between charges. Depending upon the length of time between when the iPhone was made and when it's activated, your battery capacity might show as slightly less than 100 percent.

Batteries of iPhone 14 models and earlier are designed to retain 80 percent of their original capacity at 500 complete charge cycles under ideal conditions.* Batteries of iPhone 15 models are designed to retain 80 percent of their original capacity at 1000 complete charge cycles under ideal conditions.* With all models, the exact capacity percentage depends on how the devices are regularly used and charged. The one-year warranty includes service coverage for a defective battery in addition to rights provided under local consumer laws. If it is out of warranty, Apple offers battery service for a charge. Learn more about charge cycles.

As your battery health degrades, so can its ability to deliver peak performance. The Battery Health screen includes a section for Peak Performance Capability where the following messages might appear.

Performance is normal

When the battery condition can support normal peak performance and does not have the performance management features applied, you'll see this message:

Your battery is currently supporting normal peak performance.

image alt text

Performance management applied

When the performance management features have been applied, you'll see this message:

This iPhone has experienced an unexpected shutdown because the battery was unable to deliver the necessary peak power. Performance management has been applied to help prevent this from happening again. Disable…

Note that if you disable performance management, you can’t turn it back on. It will be turned on again automatically if an unexpected shutdown occurs. The option to disable will also be available.

image alt text

Battery health unknown

If iOS is unable to determine the device battery health, you'll see this message:

This iPhone is unable to determine battery health. An Apple Authorized Service Provider can service the battery. More about service options…

This might be due to having an improperly installed battery or an unknown battery part.

image alt text

Performance management turned off

If you disable the applied performance-management feature, you'll see this message:

This iPhone has experienced an unexpected shutdown because the battery was unable to deliver the necessary peak power. You have manually disabled performance management protections.

If the device experiences another unexpected shutdown, the performance-management features will be reapplied. The option to disable will also be available.

image alt text

Battery health degraded

If battery health has degraded significantly, the below message will also appear:

Your battery’s health is significantly degraded. An Apple Authorized Service Provider can replace the battery to restore full performance and capacity. More about service options…

This message doesn't indicate a safety issue. You can still use your battery. However, you might experience more noticeable battery and performance issues. A new replacement battery will improve your experience. More about service options .

image alt text

Important Battery Message

If you see the message below, it means the battery in your iPhone is unable to be verified. This message applies to iPhone XS, iPhone XS Max, iPhone XR, and later.

Unable to verify this iPhone has a genuine Apple battery. Health information not available for this battery. Learn more...

Reported battery health information isn't available. To have your battery checked, contact an Apple Authorized Service Provider. More about service options .

Learn more about this message as it appears on iPhone 11 and iPhone 11 Pro and later .

Getting further assistance

If your device performance has been affected by an aged battery and you would like to get help with a battery replacement, contact Apple Support for service options.

Learn more about battery service and recycling .

Recalibration of battery health reporting on iPhone 11, iPhone 11 Pro, and iPhone 11 Pro Max

iOS 14.5 and later include an update to address inaccurate estimates of battery health reporting for some users. The battery health reporting system will recalibrate maximum battery capacity and peak performance capability on iPhone 11, iPhone 11 Pro, and iPhone 11 Pro Max.

Learn more about recalibration of battery health reporting in iOS 14.5 .

* When you use your iPhone, its battery goes through charge cycles. You complete one charge cycle when you’ve used an amount that represents 100 percent of your battery’s capacity. A complete charge cycle is normalized between 80 percent and 100 percent of original capacity to account for expected diminishing battery capacity over time.

IMAGES

  1. How to Solve Word Problems in Chemistry

    how to solve chemistry word problems

  2. How to Solve Word Problems in Chemistry

    how to solve chemistry word problems

  3. How To Solve Chemistry Word Equations

    how to solve chemistry word problems

  4. Chemistry Problems With Answers

    how to solve chemistry word problems

  5. ⛔ How to solve chemistry word problems. Teach Chemistry: Problem

    how to solve chemistry word problems

  6. How to Solve a Chemistry Word Problem

    how to solve chemistry word problems

VIDEO

  1. Solve This Math Problem and Win a Prize! 🎁 #chemistryvibes #shorts

  2. Learning by Solving Problems Chapter 11 1

  3. SOLVED NUMERICAL PROBLEMS|MUST READ TOPICS SOLUTIONS|SECOND PUC CHEMISTRY

  4. word equation/ chemical equation #chemistryshorts #shortvideo #shorts

  5. how to write chemistry word in cursive writing #daily #practice #shorts

  6. how to write chemistry formula in Ms word.|| #trending #youtubeshorts #tricks #viral

COMMENTS

  1. How to Solve Chemistry Word Problems

    Write down the equation or equations you need to use in order to solve the problem. Before you plug the numbers into the equations, check the units required for the equations. You may need to perform unit conversions before you can apply the equations. Once you are certain your units are in agreement, plug the numbers into the equation and get ...

  2. Translating Chemistry Word Problems

    You'll learn the major Chemistry keywords to know for writing a balanced chemical equation from words and you'll understand how to set up dilution questions ...

  3. How to Solve a Chemistry Problem: 12 Steps (with Pictures)

    4. Check your drawing. For a reaction problem, it can be easy to lose track of arrows and charges. Once you have finished, double-check that all of your work is drawn correctly and that anyone grading it will be able to easily read and understand your work. 5. Learn from your work.

  4. PDF How to Solve Word Problems in Chemistry

    Working word problems requires understanding the principles in-volved and being able to apply them to the case at hand. The best way to ensure success is to practice, practice, practice. To do a word problem, follow these steps: 1. Read the problem carefully. 2. List all the values given, complete with units. Some problems

  5. 2.6: Problem Solving and Unit Conversions

    Here is what we would have gotten: 3.55 m × 1 m 100 cm = 0.0355m2 cm 3.55 m × 1 m 100 c m = 0.0355 m 2 c m. For the answer to be meaningful, we have to construct the conversion factor in a form that causes the original unit to cancel out. Figure 2.6.1 2.6. 1 shows a concept map for constructing a proper conversion.

  6. How to Solve Word Problems in Chemistry

    In this video I go over some basic steps to solve word problems in Chemistry. I provide a 5 step map and do several sample problems. The conversion factor me...

  7. Chemistry Problems With Answers

    Some chemistry problems ask you identify examples of states of matter and types of mixtures. While there are any chemical formulas to know, it's still nice to have lists of examples. Practice density calculations. Identify intensive and extensive properties of matter. See examples of intrinsic and extrinsic properties of matter.

  8. How to Solve Stoichiometry Word Problems

    How to Solve Stoichiometry Word Problems. Mr. Causey shows you step by step how to write, balance, and solve a word chemical equation and stoichiometry probl...

  9. Chemistry Problems

    The chemistry I section used a table to solve the mixture of two chemicals. We will use the same table to solve a problem like this one: How much 10% sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4) must be mixed with how much 30% sulfuric acid to make 200 milliliters of 15% sulfuric acid? First, this table will be used. Second, we have to deal with two solutions of sulfuric acid.

  10. How to Solve Word Problems in Chemistry

    Picking up where standard chemistry texts leave off, How to Solve Word Problems in Chemistry takes the fear and frustration out of chemistry word problems by providing students with easy-to-follow procedures for solving problems in everything from radioactive half-life to oxidation-reduction reactions. ISBN-10. 0071363025. ISBN-13. 978-0071363020.

  11. How to Solve Word Problems in Chemistry (How to Solve Word Problems

    In addition to having to master a vast number of difficult concepts and lab procedures, high school chemistry students must also learn, with little or no coaching from their teachers, how to solve tough word problems. Picking up where standard chemistry texts leave off, How to Solve Word Problems in Chemistry takes the fear and frustration out ...

  12. Chemistry Assistant

    This AI tool helps answer chemistry questions and solve chemistry problems. HyperWrite's Chemistry Assistant is an AI-powered tool designed to answer chemistry questions and think through solving chemistry problems. By leveraging advanced AI models, this tool simplifies complex chemistry problems and provides detailed, understandable solutions.

  13. 11.1: Word Equations

    The word equation for the process is: Silver + sulfur → Silver sulfide Silver + sulfur → Silver sulfide. The silver and the sulfur are the reactants in the equation, while the silver sulfide is the product. Figure 11.1.2 11.1. 2: You can see dark spots of tarnished (silver sulfide) forming on this ring as it reacts with sulfur compounds in ...

  14. Chemistry Step-by-Step Solutions: Chemical Reactions

    After running a chemical reaction, one often wants to know how the reaction went by computing the reaction yields. Step-by-step solutions are available for computing the amount of reactants needed and the theoretical yield in addition to the percent yield. The use of stoichiometric factors to generate the desired values is explained in detail.

  15. 5.1.1: Practice Problems- Writing and Balancing ...

    PROBLEM 5.1.1.7 5.1.1. 7. A novel process for obtaining magnesium from sea water involves several reactions. Write a balanced chemical equation for each step of the process. The first step is the decomposition of solid calcium carbonate from seashells to form solid calcium oxide and gaseous carbon dioxide. The second step is the formation of ...

  16. Mathway

    Free math problem solver answers your chemistry homework questions with step-by-step explanations. Mathway. Visit Mathway on the web. Start 7-day free trial on the app. ... While we cover a very wide range of problems, we are currently unable to assist with this specific problem. I spoke with my team and we will make note of this for future ...

  17. CHEMISTRY 101: Dimensional Analysis Basics Word Problem

    In this example problem, we use dimensional analysis to solve a word problem involving calculating the cost per person for gasoline to drive to a spring brea...

  18. How to Solve Word Problems in Chemistry

    SIZE. 19.5. MB. In addition to having to master a vast number of difficult concepts and lab procedures, high school chemistry students must also learn, with little or no coaching from their teachers, how to solve tough word problems. Picking up where standard chemistry texts leave off, How to Solve Word Problems in….

  19. How to Solve Word Problems in Chemistry 1st Edition

    The Digital and eTextbook ISBNs for How to Solve Word Problems in Chemistry are 9780071415385, 0071415386 and the print ISBNs are 9780071363020, 0071363025. Save up to 80% versus print by going digital with VitalSource. How to Solve Word Problems in Chemistry 1st Edition is written by David E. Goldberg and published by McGraw-Hill.

  20. AI Chemistry Problem Solver

    Why choose Chemistry AI Homework Solver? Save Time: With our solver, you can complete your assignments in a fraction of the time it would take you to solve them manually. Accuracy: Smodin's Chemistry homework solver provides accurate solutions every time, eliminating the risk of errors and mistakes. Boost your Grades: You can enhance your school success by guaranteeing the precision and ...

  21. How to solve any chemistry problem

    In this video we apply tricks used in the previous video to identify conversion factors in a word problem and then use them to solve problems. The first prob...

  22. Word Problems Calculator

    An age problem is a type of word problem in math that involves calculating the age of one or more people at a specific point in time. These problems often use phrases such as 'x years ago,' 'in y years,' or 'y years later,' which indicate that the problem is related to time and age. Show more

  23. iPhone Battery and Performance

    iPhone performance management works by looking at a combination of the device temperature, battery state of charge, and battery impedance. Only if these variables require it, iOS will dynamically manage the maximum performance of some system components, such as the CPU and GPU, in order to prevent unexpected shutdowns.

  24. How to Solve Word Problems on Chemical Solutions. #percentage

    The video explains how to prepare chemical solutions for three kinds of conditions : Liquid on liquid, solid on liquid and from a higher concentration to a l...