Go to Index

Notes and Bibliography: Sample Citations

Go to Author-Date: Sample Citations

The following examples illustrate the notes and bibliography system. Sample notes show full citations followed by shortened citations for the same sources. Sample bibliography entries follow the notes. For more details and many more examples, see chapter 14 of The Chicago Manual of Style . For examples of the same citations using the author-date system, follow the Author-Date link above.

1. Zadie Smith, Swing Time   (New York: Penguin Press, 2016), 315–16.

2. Brian Grazer and Charles Fishman, A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015), 12.

Shortened notes

3. Smith, Swing Time , 320.

4. Grazer and Fishman, Curious Mind , 37.

Bibliography entries (in alphabetical order)

Grazer, Brian, and Charles Fishman. A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life . New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015.

Smith, Zadie. Swing Time . New York: Penguin Press, 2016.

For many more examples, covering virtually every type of book, see 14.100–163 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Chapter or other part of an edited book

In a note, cite specific pages. In the bibliography, include the page range for the chapter or part.

1. Henry David Thoreau, “Walking,” in The Making of the American Essay , ed. John D’Agata (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 177–78.

Shortened note

2. Thoreau, “Walking,” 182.

Bibliography entry

Thoreau, Henry David. “Walking.” In The Making of the American Essay , edited by John D’Agata, 167–95. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016.

In some cases, you may want to cite the collection as a whole instead.

1. John D’Agata, ed., The Making of the American Essay (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 177–78.

2. D’Agata, American Essay , 182.

D’Agata, John, ed. The Making of the American Essay . Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016.

For more examples, see 14.103–5 and 14.106–12 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Translated book

1. Jhumpa Lahiri, In Other Words , trans. Ann Goldstein (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016), 146.

2. Lahiri, In Other Words , 184.

Lahiri, Jhumpa. In Other Words . Translated by Ann Goldstein. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016.

For books consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database. For other types of e-books, name the format. If no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the notes, if any (or simply omit).

1. Herman Melville, Moby-Dick; or, The Whale (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1851), 627, http://mel.hofstra.edu/moby-dick-the-whale-proofs.html.

2. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders’ Constitution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), chap. 10, doc. 19, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

3. Brooke Borel, The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016), 92, ProQuest Ebrary.

4. Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (New York: Penguin Classics, 2007), chap. 3, Kindle.

5. Melville, Moby-Dick , 722–23.

6. Kurland and Lerner, Founder s ’ Constitution , chap. 4, doc. 29.

7. Borel, Fact-Checking , 104–5.

8. Austen, Pride and Prejudice , chap. 14.

Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice . New York: Penguin Classics, 2007. Kindle.

Borel, Brooke. The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016. ProQuest Ebrary.

Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

Melville, Herman. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale . New York: Harper & Brothers, 1851. http://mel.hofstra.edu/moby-dick-the-whale-proofs.html.

For more examples, see 14.1 59 –63 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Journal article

In a note, cite specific page numbers. In the bibliography, include the page range for the whole article. For articles consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database. Many journal articles list a DOI (Digital Object Identifier). A DOI forms a permanent URL that begins https://doi.org/. This URL is preferable to the URL that appears in your browser’s address bar.

1. Susan Satterfield, “Livy and the Pax Deum ,” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April 2016): 170.

2. Shao-Hsun Keng, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem, “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality,” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 9–10, https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.

3. Peter LaSalle, “Conundrum: A Story about Reading,” New England Review 38, no. 1 (2017): 95, Project MUSE.

4. Satterfield, “Livy,” 172–73.

5. Keng, Lin, and Orazem, “Expanding College Access,” 23.

6. LaSalle, “Conundrum,” 101.

Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem. “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality.” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.

LaSalle, Peter. “Conundrum: A Story about Reading.” New England Review 38, no. 1 (2017): 95–109. Project MUSE.

Satterfield, Susan. “Livy and the Pax Deum .” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April 2016): 165–76.

Journal articles often list many authors, especially in the sciences. If there are four or more authors, list up to ten in the bibliography; in a note, list only the first, followed by et al . (“and others”). For more than ten authors (not shown here), list the first seven in the bibliography, followed by et al .

7. Rachel A. Bay et al., “Predicting Responses to Contemporary Environmental Change Using Evolutionary Response Architectures,” American Naturalist 189, no. 5 (May 2017): 465, https://doi.org/10.1086/691233.

8. Bay et al., “Predicting Responses,” 466.

Bay, Rachael A., Noah Rose, Rowan Barrett, Louis Bernatchez, Cameron K. Ghalambor, Jesse R. Lasky, Rachel B. Brem, Stephen R. Palumbi, and Peter Ralph. “Predicting Responses to Contemporary Environmental Change Using Evolutionary Response Architectures.” American Naturalist 189, no. 5 (May 2017): 463–73. https://doi.org/10.1086/691233.

For more examples, see 14.1 68 – 87 in The Chicago Manual of Style .

News or magazine article

Articles from newspapers or news sites, magazines, blogs, and the like are cited similarly. Page numbers, if any, can be cited in a note but are omitted from a bibliography entry. If you consulted the article online, include a URL or the name of the database.

1. Rebecca Mead, “The Prophet of Dystopia,” New Yorker , April 17, 2017, 43.

2. Farhad Manjoo, “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera,” New York Times , March 8, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.

3. Rob Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple,” Washington Post , July 5, 2007, LexisNexis Academic.

4. Tanya Pai, “The Squishy, Sugary History of Peeps,” Vox , April 11, 2017, http://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/11/15209084/peeps-easter.

5. Mead, “Dystopia,” 47.

6. Manjoo, “Snap.”

7. Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone.”

8. Pai, “History of Peeps.”

Manjoo, Farhad. “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera.” New York Times , March 8, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.

Mead, Rebecca. “The Prophet of Dystopia.” New Yorker , April 17, 2017.

Pai, Tanya. “The Squishy, Sugary History of Peeps.” Vox , April 11, 2017. http://www.vox.com/culture/2017/4/11/15209084/peeps-easter.

Pegoraro, Rob. “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple.” Washington Post , July 5, 2007. LexisNexis Academic.

Readers’ comments are cited in the text or in a note but omitted from a bibliography.

9. Eduardo B (Los Angeles), March 9, 2017, comment on Manjoo, “Snap.”

For more examples, see 14.1 88 – 90 (magazines), 14.191–200 (newspapers), and 14.208 (blogs) in The Chicago Manual of Style .

Book review

1. Michiko Kakutani, “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges,” review of Swing Time , by Zadie Smith, New York Times , November 7, 2016.

2. Kakutani, “Friendship.”

Kakutani, Michiko. “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges.” Review of Swing Time , by Zadie Smith. New York Times , November 7, 2016.

1. Kory Stamper, “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English,” interview by Terry Gross, Fresh Air , NPR, April 19, 2017, audio, 35:25, http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english.

2. Stamper, interview.

Stamper, Kory. “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English.” Interview by Terry Gross. Fresh Air , NPR, April 19, 2017. Audio, 35:25. http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english.

Thesis or dissertation

1. Cynthia Lillian Rutz, “ King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues” (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2013), 99–100.

2. Rutz, “ King Lear ,” 158.

Rutz, Cynthia Lillian. “ King Lear and Its Folktale Analogues.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2013.

Website content

It is often sufficient simply to describe web pages and other website content in the text (“As of May 1, 2017, Yale’s home page listed . . .”). If a more formal citation is needed, it may be styled like the examples below. For a source that does not list a date of publication or revision, include an access date (as in example note 2).

1. “Privacy Policy,” Privacy & Terms, Google, last modified April 17, 2017, https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.

2. “About Yale: Yale Facts,” Yale University, accessed May 1, 2017, https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

3. Katie Bouman, “How to Take a Picture of a Black Hole,” filmed November 2016 at TEDxBeaconStreet, Brookline, MA, video, 12:51, https://www.ted.com/talks/katie_bouman_what_does_a_black_hole_look_like.

4. Google, “Privacy Policy.”

5. “Yale Facts.”

6. Bouman, “Black Hole.”

Bouman, Katie. “How to Take a Picture of a Black Hole.” Filmed November 2016 at TEDxBeaconStreet, Brookline, MA. Video, 12:51. https://www.ted.com/talks/katie_bouman_what_does_a_black_hole_look_like.

Google. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Last modified April 17, 2017. https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.

Yale University. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed May 1, 2017. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

For more examples, see 14. 20 5–10 in The Chicago Manual of Style . For multimedia, including live performances, see 14. 261–68 .

Social media content

Citations of content shared through social media can usually be limited to the text (as in the first example below). A note may be added if a more formal citation is needed. In rare cases, a bibliography entry may also be appropriate. In place of a title, quote up to the first 160 characters of the post. Comments are cited in reference to the original post.

Conan O’Brien’s tweet was characteristically deadpan: “In honor of Earth Day, I’m recycling my tweets” (@ConanOBrien, April 22, 2015).

1. Pete Souza (@petesouza), “President Obama bids farewell to President Xi of China at the conclusion of the Nuclear Security Summit,” Instagram photo, April 1, 2016, https://www.instagram.com/p/BDrmfXTtNCt/.

2. Chicago Manual of Style, “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993,” Facebook, April 17, 2015, https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

3. Souza, “President Obama.”

4. Michele Truty, April 17, 2015, 1:09 p.m., comment on Chicago Manual of Style, “singular they.”

Chicago Manual of Style. “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993.” Facebook, April 17, 2015. https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

Personal communication

Personal communications, including email and text messages and direct messages sent through social media, are usually cited in the text or in a note only; they are rarely included in a bibliography.

1. Sam Gomez, Facebook message to author, August 1, 2017.

Banner

Citation Style Guide

  • Chicago Citation Examples: Notes & Bibliography

Notes & Bibliography System

General chicago notes & bibliography formatting, journal articles, newspaper and magazine articles, web sources, live performances, other sources, more chicago style resources.

  • Chicago Citation Examples: Author-Date
  • EndNote Online

Icon of multiple people with chat bubbles inside a blue circle.

"The notes and bibliography system is preferred by many working in the humanities—including literature, history, and the arts. In this system, sources are cited in numbered footnotes or endnotes. Each note corresponds to a raised (superscript) number in the text. Sources are also usually listed in a separate bibliography. The notes and bibliography system can accommodate a wide variety of sources, including unusual ones that don’t fit neatly into the author-date system."

Chicago Style Citation Quick Guide

Navigation: For citation examples with multiple entries (for example if there are three different printed journal examples given), the different examples will be marked by a different row header color.

This is only a brief list of general guidelines, consult the Chicago Manual of Style and the  Chicago Manual of Style Online for a more complete list of guidelines.

Common Book Formatting : [Chicago 17th: 14.100-159]

Note: Author,  Title  (Place of Publication: Publisher, Date), Page Number.

Shortened Note: Author,  Title , Page Number.

Bibliography: Author.  Title . Place of Publication: Publisher, Date.

Note: Chicago Style indicates that well-known reference books (such as major dictionaries and encyclopedias, are normally only cited in the notes and not the bibliography. However, in certain reference works it may be appropriate to cite the individual entries by author. See below for distinctions.

Note: Plays and poems follow the format of similar mediums (e.g. book, book chapter, webpage). When citing specific passages, use act, scene, book, chapter, verse, line, and/or canto instead of a page number whenever possible. For example, in a play the citation 1.3.36-37, refers to act 1, scene 3, lines 36 and 37.

Note: Ancient works and epic poems follow the format of similar mediums (e.g. book, webpage). When citing specific passages, use book, chapter, verse, line, and/or canto instead of a page number whenever possible.

Note: References to Jewish or Christian scriptures are usually only cited in the notes or in-text, not the bibliography, unless required by your professor. For canonical works like the Jewish and Christian scriptures, you do not cite the page number. Instead cite the book (in Roman and abbreviated), chapter, and verse. For abbreviations, see 10.44. Because there are different versions of the Bible, the first time it is cited you should specify which version you are consulting. Other sacred works can follow the format of the either biblical or classical works, depending upon the context. Examples of both formats are given below.

Common Journal Formatting :     [Chicago 17th: 14.166-187]

Note: Author, "Article Title," Journal Title Volume, Number (Date): Pages, Online Location.

Shortened Note: Author, "Article Title," Pages.

Bibliography: Author. "Article Title." Journal Title Volume, Number (Date): Pages. Online Location.

Common Newspaper and Magazine Formatting :     [Chicago 17th: 14.188-200]

Note: Author, "Article Title,"  Newspaper Title,  Date, Pages, Online Location.

Shortened Note: Author, "Article Title," Pages.

Bibliography: Author. "Article Title."  Newspaper Title,  Date. Online Location.

  • note: for newspapers and magazines, page numbers are only included in the note not the bibliography section.

Printed Newspaper Article  [Chicago 17th: 14.191]

Web Page    [Chicago 17th: 14.207]

Note: "It is often sufficient simply to describe web pages and other website content in the text (“As of May 1, 2017, Yale’s home page listed....”). If a more formal citation is needed, it may be styled like the examples below. For a source that does not list a date of publication or revision, include an access date." Chicago Style . Blog posts follow the citation style guidelines for online newspaper articles (Chicago 17th: 14.208).

Note: Comments can usually be cited in-text but if it is necessary to cite in the note, include information on the comment and the original post.

Note: Live performances cannot be consulted by readers and, therefore, it is usually only necessary to cite the work in-text or in a note, not a bibliography. If the citation is focused on an individual's performance or role, list that person's name and role before the title of the work (notice how the order of the elements change below to reflect this rule).

Note: Unless watched in the theater, include information on how you accessed the information (the physical medium) at the end of a citation. If the film was watched online, you can include either the URL or the database name.

Note:  Citations for emailed conversations are usually only cited within the text or in a note. They are rarely included in a Bibliography.

  • WMC Citation Resource Guide The Writing & Multiliteracy Center's tools on citations. Resources include quick guides, video tutorials, and outside links on citation styles.
  • WMC Quick Guide to Chicago Style (Note-Bibliography System) This pdf guide goes over citation examples and important changes in the newest edition of Chicago Style (Notes-Bibliography), courtesy of the Writing & Multiliteracy Center at CSUCI.
  • WMC Quick Guide to Chicago Style (Author-Date System) This pdf guide goes over citation examples and important changes in the newest edition of Chicago Style (Author-Date), courtesy of the Writing & Multiliteracy Center at CSUCI.
  • Chicago Manual of Style Online Official online companion guide to the Chicago Manual of Style. Includes paper style guidelines, video tutorials, and much more.
  • CSUDH Chicago Citation Guide A great introductory guide, which reviews and provides examples on how to format your paper and provide citations in Chicago Style. Courtesy of CSU Dominguez Hills.
  • Purdue OWL: Chicago Style Guide Purdue University's Online Writing Lab is a great source for detailed information paper formatting and citation examples for Chicago Style (17th). This includes fields not mentioned here, such as artwork and government documents. However, do not use their Citation Machine to format citations, it is not always accurate.
  • Turabian Citation Quick Guide This guide for Turabian was created by the publishers of the Chicago Manual of Style.
  • University of Portland's Chicago Style Guide An introduction and guide to Chicago Style formatting and citations, courtesy of the University of Portland's Clark Library.
  • << Previous: Chicago (17th) / Turabian
  • Next: Chicago Citation Examples: Author-Date >>
  • Last Updated: Dec 5, 2023 1:27 PM
  • URL: https://libguides.csuci.edu/citations

Please see this Guide to Modified Services for Summer 2021

Information Guides

  • University of Northwestern - St. Paul
  • Library Home
  • Information Guides

Chicago Style Guide

  • Chicago Style Page Formatting

Chicago Manual of Style Online

  • Chicago/Turabian PowerPoint presentation

How to Format a Chicago-style Paper

  • Sample Pages
  • Image/Chart
  • Indirect Source
  • Legal/Government
  • Letter/Memo
  • Microfiche/Microfilm
  • Reference Work
  • Speech/Lecture

Attribution

This guide was adapted from the Chicago Style Guide by Cathy Rettberg at Menlo School Library.

  • Chicago Manual of Style This link opens in a new window The time-tested guide to style, usage, and grammar in an accessible online format.

Your professors expect to receive papers that are properly formatted and laid out. Use the following guidelines when setting up your paper. It is easiest if you use the correct settings from the beginning; otherwise you will have to go back and reformat your paper.

Overall page layout

  • One inch margins on sides, top and bottom.
  • Use Times or Times New Roman 12 pt font.
  • Double-space the text of the paper.
  • Use left-justified text, which will have a ragged right edge. Do not use fully (newspaper-style) justified text.
  • Use a 1/2" indent for paragraph beginnings, block quotes and hanging (bibliography) indents.
  • Number the pages in the top right corner of the paper, beginning with the first page of text. It's a good idea to include your last name as well, in case pages become separated. Number straight through from the first text page to the final bibliography page but do not count any pages after the end of the text as part of your page count. (A five-page paper may also have a cover page, two pages of notes and one page of bibliography which is nine pieces of paper.)
  • Center the title of your paper in the middle of the page, halfway down.
  • Center your name directly under the title.
  • Your professor's name, course title, and date should be written in three lines and centered at the bottom of the page.
  • Use Times or Times New Roman 12 pt font for the title page. Do not try to make your cover page decorative by using bold , underline , or creative fonts.
  • Do not put a page number on the cover page, and do not count it as part of the total page count.

Assemble your paper in the following order

  • Cover/title page
  • Body of the paper
  • Appendix (if needed)

Bibliography

Names and numbers.

  • Use full names of people and agencies/legislation the first time you use them. For agencies, include the acronym in parentheses after the full name when first used, e.g. Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA).
  • After the first time you can refer to people by their last name or agencies/bills by their acronyms for the rest of the paper.
  • Write out numbers lower than 100. (“All nine members of the Supreme Court...”)

Footnotes and endnotes

  • Footnotes go at the bottom of the page where the reference occurs; endnotes go on a separate page after the body of the paper. Both use the same formatting guidelines.
  • Within the essay text: put the note number at the end of the sentence where the reference occurs, even if the cited material is mentioned at the beginning of the sentence.
  • The note number goes after all other punctuation.
  • Be sure to use Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3) nor Roman (i, ii, iii).
  • Put the word Notes (not Endnotes) at the top of the page with your endnotes. Use Times/Times New Roman 10 pt font.
  • Single space each entry; double space between entries.
  • Indent the first line of each note.
  • Never reuse a number - use a new number for each reference, even if you have used that reference previously.
  • Be sure to look at shortened form examples for sources you refer to more than once.
  • To cite multiple sources in a single note, separate the two citations with a semicolon. Never use two note numbers at the end of a sentence.
  • Your bibliography should go on a separate page, with the word Bibliography centered at the top of the page in Times/Times New Roman 12 pt font. Do not use bold or large size font for the heading.
  • Be sure to use proper formatting - note and bibliography styles are different.
  • Use a "hanging indent" - the first line of the citation begins at the margin, subsequent lines are indented.
  • If your source has no author, alphabetize by title within the authors - don't make a separate list.
  • Don't separate primary and secondary sources unless your professor requests it.

Watch out for these common errors:

  • Note format uses first name last name, bibliography uses last name, first name.
  • In your notes, do not reuse numbers! Each citation gets a new number.
  • Pay attention to indents. Notes use a first line indent, a bibliography uses a hanging indent.
  • A bibliography goes in alphabetical order by author (or title if there is no author). Notes are numbered and are listed in the order the sources are used.
  • Don't put Works Cited at the top of your bibliography - that is MLA style.
  • Next: Sample Pages >>
  • Last Updated: Dec 12, 2023 2:19 PM
  • URL: https://guide.unwsp.edu/chicago_style

Banner

Chicago style guide: Chicago style page formatting

  • Chicago style page formatting
  • Sample pages
  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Image/chart
  • Indirect source
  • Legal/Government
  • Letter/memo
  • Reference source
  • Social Media (Microblogs)
  • Speech/lecture
  • Research center
  • Library home page

How to format a Chicago-style paper

Your teachers expect to receive papers that are properly formatted and laid out. Use the following guidelines when setting up your paper. It is easiest if you use the correct settings from the beginning; otherwise you will have to go back and reformat your paper.

Overall page layout

  • One inch margins on sides, top and bottom.
  • Use Times or Times New Roman 12 pt font.
  • Double-space the text of the paper.
  • Use left-justified text, which will have a ragged right edge. Do not use fully (newspaper-style) justified text.
  • Use a 1/2" indent for paragraph beginnings, block quotes and hanging (bibliography) indents.
  • Number the pages in the top right corner of the paper, beginning with the first page of text. It's a good idea to include your last name as well, in case pages become separated. Number straight through from the first text page to the final bibliography page but do not count any pages after the end of the text as part of your page count. (A five-page paper may also have a cover page, two pages of notes and one page of bibliography which is nine pieces of paper.)
  • Ask your teacher if it is ok to print two-sided.
  • < Center the title of your paper in the middle of the page, halfway down.
  • Center your name directly under the title.
  • Your teacher's name, course title and block, and date should be written in three lines and centered at the bottom of the page.
  • Use Times or Times New Roman 12 pt font for the title page. Do not try to make your cover page decorative by using bold , underline , or creative fonts.
  • Do not put a page number on the cover page, and do not count it as part of the total page count.

Assemble your paper in the following order

  • Cover/title page
  • Body of the paper
  • Appendix (if needed)

Bibliography

Names and numbers

  • Use full names of people and agencies/legislation the first time you use them. For agencies, include the acronym in parentheses after the full name when first used, e.g. Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA).
  • After the first time you can refer to people by their last name or agencies/bills by their acronyms for the rest of the paper.
  • Write out numbers lower than 100. (“All nine members of the Supreme Court...”)

Footnotes and endnotes

Caution: If you are writing your paper in Google Docs, you MUST use footnotes. Google Docs does not have a way to make Endnotes, and if you use the Endnote Generator add-on it will make a mess of your paper!

  • Footnotes go at the bottom of the page where the reference occurs; endnotes go on a separate page after the body of the paper. Both use the same formatting guidelines.
  • Within the essay text: put the note number at the end of the sentence where the reference occurs, even if the cited material is mentioned at the beginning of the sentence.
  • The note number goes after all other punctuation.
  • Be sure to use Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3) nor Roman (i, ii, iii).
  • Put the word Notes (not Endnotes) at the top of the page with your endnotes. Use Times/Times New Roman 10 pt font.
  • Single space each entry; double space between entries.
  • Indent the first line of each note.
  • Never reuse a number - use a new number for each reference, even if you have used that reference previously.
  • Be sure to look at shortened form examples for sources you refer to more than once.
  • To cite multiple sources in a single note, separate the two citations with a semicolon. Never use two note numbers at the end of a sentence.
  • Your bibliography should go on a separate page, with the word Bibliography centered at the top of the page in Times/Times New Roman 12 pt font. Do not use bold or large size font for the heading.
  • Be sure to use proper formatting - note and bibliography styles are different.
  • Use a "hanging indent" - the first line of the citation begins at the margin, subsequent lines are indented.
  • If your source has no author, alphabetize by title within the authors - don't make a separate list.
  • Don't separate primary and secondary sources unless your teacher requests it.

Watch out for these common errors:

  • Note format uses first name last name, bibliography uses last name, first name.
  • In your notes, do not reuse numbers! Each citation gets a new number.
  • Pay attention to indents. Notes use a first line indent, a bibliography uses a hanging indent.
  • A bibliography goes in alphabetical order by author (or title if there is no author). Notes are numbered and are listed in the order the sources are used.
  • Don't put Works Cited at the top of your bibliography - that is MLA style.

Citing your sources

The library subscribes to NoodleTools, a citation management tool. You can get to it in one of two ways:

1. Go to your Menlo gmail and click on the 9-box "waffle" menu. Scroll down to NoodleTools. 

2. Go to the NoodleTools home page  and log in with Google using your Menlo Gmail username and password.

Can't decide whether your source needs a citation?  Click here to hear Dr. Hanson explain when citations are needed.  Click here to view a flowsheet that will guide your choices.

Google Docs formatting tips

Formatting page breaks and page numbers in Google Docs

Inserting Chicago style footnotes in Google Docs

Citation checklist

Do you want to be sure you've formatted your research paper correctly? Click the link below to download a Chicago style citation and formatting checklist. 

  • Citation formatting checklist
  • Middle school citation checklist
  • Next: Sample pages >>
  • Last Updated: Dec 14, 2023 12:26 PM
  • URL: https://library.menloschool.org/chicago

Banner

Citation & Style Guide

Who uses chicago/turabian style, what's unique about chicago, author-date example (in-text citations), notes & bibliography examples, print book example, e-book example, print journal example, online journal example, online magazine example, newspaper examples (print and online), website example, ai / chat gpt, book review example, how to cite a source used more than once, how to cite citations quoted in another source, how to cite primary sources, how to cite images, sample papers, annotated bibliographies.

  • Other Styles
  • Zotero / Citation Tools
  • Writing & Plagiarism
  • Other Resources
  • Annotated Bibliography

Research Librarians

Profile Photo

Need More Help with Chicago?

Chicago Manual 17th edition image

Notes & Bibliography System Use this system if you want to use footnotes. More common in arts & humanities fields, especially History.

Author/Date System Use this system if you are mostly using in-text, parenthetical citations (not footnotes). More common in sciences and social sciences.

Quick Guide to Chicago Gives quick examples for both systems

Not sure which system to use? Ask your professor.

Need More Help with Turabian?

The Turabian handbook interprets Chicago Style in an easy to understand way for students. It is still Chicago Style.

Find print copies at the Library   Reference Area Main floor, middle shelves LB2369 .T8

Online Resources A Quick Guide is available online from the publisher.

  • Other fields in the Social Sciences
  • Other fields in the Humanities
  • The Turabian handbook interprets Chicago Style in a more streamlined way for students & researchers.
  • If you aren't sure which citation style to use, be sure to ask your professors which style they prefer for assignments.
  • Two systems : Chicago has two systems. The "Notes & Bibliography" system uses footnotes or endnotes. The "Author-Date" system uses in-text citations. Ask your professor which system they prefer.
  • Example footnote : 2. Scott Lash, Economies of Signs (London: SAGE, 1993), 241.
  • Example in-text citation : (Pollan 2006, 99–100)
  • Bibliography heading : Use "Bibliography" as page heading.
  • Online resources : Give the URL, DOI (Digital Object Identifier), or database name.

Chicago Manual of Style (full guide online)

Use in-text citations for the Author-Date system.  (Author last name year, page number).

Example: (Pollan 2006, 99–100)

Include a Bibliography at the end.  Note that the date is after the author instead of at the end as with the notes-bibliography style.

Example:  Smith, Zadie. 2016. Swing Time . New York: Penguin Press.

See Chicago Manual of Style Online for a basic overview of the author-date system structure . 

For examples see Author-Date Sample Citations .

  • Turabian Citation Quick Guide Notes and Bibliography sample citations directly from Chicago/Turabian website.

proper chicago bibliography format

Please see below for examples of how to cite some of the most common sources in your footnotes and bibliographies.  Note: the examples below follow Chicago 16th ed.

   1. Mary N. Woods, Beyond the Architect’s Eye: Photographs and the American Built Environment (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009), 199.    2. Woods, Beyond the Architect's Eye , 233.

Bibliography

Woods, Mary N. Beyond the Architect’s Eye: Photographs and the American Built Environment. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.

Author-Date examples

For Chapters in edited books see 14.112 Contribution to a multiauthor book .

Same as book, but add source of online edition or eBook. Electronic sources do not always include page numbers, so it may be appropriate in a note to include a chapter or paragraph number (if available), a section heading, or a descriptive phrase that follows the organizational divisions of the work. 

See more E-Book examples (from Chicago Manual of Style online)

   1. Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (Newburyport: Dover Publications, 2012), Ebook Library edition.    2. Austen,  Pride and Prejudice, chap. 24.

Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice . Newburyport: Dover Publications, 2012. EBook Library edition.

   1. T. H. Breen, “Will American Consumers Buy a Second American Revolution?,” Journal of American History 93, no. 2 (2006): 405.       2. Breen, “American Consumers," 406.

Breen, T. H. “Will American Consumers Buy a Second American Revolution?” Journal of American History 93, no. 2 (2006): 404-8.

Same information as print, but add the access date and article DOI (Digital Object identifier) at end. If no DOI is available, add the URL of the article, or if from a database, the database name instead (see Chicago 14.271 ).

   1. Brian Lennon, “New Media Critical Homologies,” Postmodern Culture 19, no. 2 (2009): 23, accessed May 5, 2014, http://dx.doi:10.1086/599247.    2. Lennon, “New Media Critical Homologies,” 20.

Bibliography (Article with DOI)

Lennon, Brian. “New Media Critical Homologies.” Postmodern Culture 19, no. 2 (2009). Accessed May 5, 2014. http://dx.doi:10.1086/599247.

Bibliography (Article from Database)

Lennon, Brian. “New Media Critical Homologies.” Postmodern Culture 19, no. 2 (2009). Accessed May 5, 2014. Project Muse.

Include the URL for the article.

   1. Katharine Mieszkowski, “A Deluge Waiting to Happen,” Salon , July 3, 2008, http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2008/07/03/floods/index.html.    2. Mieszkowski, "Deluge."

Mieszkowski, Katharine. “A Deluge Waiting to Happen.” Salon , July 3, 2008. http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2008/07/03/floods/index.html.

For online newspaper articles, add the URL for the article at the end of the elements of a print citation; if the URL is very long, use the URL for the newspaper’s home page. If from a database, include the database name (see Chicago 14.271 ). Page numbers may usually be omitted.  For more examples of basic elements, see Chicago 14.203 .

   1. Julianna Morales, “Middlebury Residents React to the Election,” The Middlebury Campus , November 17, 2016.    2. Doyle McManus, “The Candor War,” Chicago Tribune , July 29, 2010, http://www.chicagotribune.com.    3. McManus, "Candor War."

McManus, Doyle. “The Candor War.” Chicago Tribune , July 29, 2010. http://www.chicagotribune.com.

Bibliography (News Article from Database)

McManus, Doyle. “What Others Are Saying.” Chicago Tribune , July 29, 2010. ProQuest.

For most Web sites, include an author if a site has one, the title of the site, the sponsor, the date of publication or modified date (date of most recent changes), and the site’s URL. If a site does not have a date of publication or modified date, give the date you accessed the site.

   1. “McDonald’s Happy Meal Toy Safety Facts,” McDonald’s Corporation, accessed July 19, 2008, http://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/about/factsheets.html.

McDonald’s Corporation. “McDonald’s Happy Meal Toy Safety Facts.” Accessed July 19, 2008. http://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/about/factsheets.html.

  • How do you recommend citing content developed or generated by artificial intelligence? Advice from the official Chicago Manual of Style . Note that how this is treated is still evolving.

Cite book reviews by author of the review and include book title and author(s) or editor(s). Follow applicable guidelines for citing periodicals.

   1. B.J. Murray.  Review of Chamber Music: An Essential History , by Mark A. Radice.   CHOICE: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries, Sept. 2012: 93. Accessed Oct. 21, 2014. Academic OneFile .

Murray, B.J. Review of Chamber Music: An Essential History , by Mark A. Radice. CHOICE: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries, Sept. 2012. Accessed Oct. 21, 2014. Academic OneFile .

   1. Sherlock Holmes , directed by Guy Ritchie (2009; Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video, 2010), DVD.

Bibliography:

Sherlock Holmes . Directed by Guy Ritchie. 2009. Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video, 2010. DVD.

More DVD examples (from Chicago Manual of Style online)

Chicago short-title citation : when you cite the same title more than once, you may use a shortened form after the first full citation: surname(s) of author(s), shortened title, page number [if available]. For examples, see Chicago Manual of Style online , section 14.30

  • Citations Taken from Secondary Source From section 14.260

The Chicago & Turabian Manuals include primary sources as well by type of source (newspaper, letters, documents, etc.) but sometimes you will need to find the closest match and adapt your citation.

Chicago Manual of Style, 17th edition, Manuscript Collections

In particular:

14.229: Examples of note forms for manuscript collections

14.230:  Examples of bibliography entries for manuscript collections

General principles:

  • The form for citing unpublished, archival materials is less standardized than for published sources.
  • Adopt a consistent form in your work.
  • Describe the item in the Notes, but describe only the collection or archive in the bibliography (unless you cite only one item from a given collection).

Bibliography Name of collection, Name of repository.

See Chicago 14.228 re: Collections of letters

Footnote 1. Joseph Battell to President Ezra Brainerd, 2 February 1893, A2 President Brainerd, Middlebury College Special Collections and Archives (hereafter cited as MC Archives). http://middarchive.middlebury.edu/cdm/ref/collection/archadmin/id/2136

Bibliography A2 President Brainerd, Middlebury College Special Collections and Archives.

Footnote 1. Ruth Hesselgrave, Scrapbook of Ruth Hesselgrave, class 1918, circa 1915-1919, College Archives, Middlebury College Special Collections and Archives.

Bibliography College Archives, Middlebury College Special Collections and Archives.

Footnote 1. Photograph of Ezra Brainerd, Middlebury College President, 1864, College Archives A2 PF, Middlebury College Special Collections and Archives.

Bibliography No bibliographic entry is required for photographs. Put all required information in the footnote or text.

  • Citing Primary Sources - Library of Congress Examples Examples of citing cartoons, films, gov't publications, manuscripts, maps, newspapers, photographs, etc. from LC's collections using Chicago (~Turabian) and MLA styles.
  • Citation Guide - Historic Legislative Materials Examples from Library of Congress American Memory Century of Lawmaking.

While each professor may have a different preference for what information you will need for an image citation, you can use this as a guide.

  • Artist name, Title of Work , Date created.
  • Material or medium, Dimensions.
  • Location (Repository, Museum, or Owner, etc.)

If you do not know any of these items, provide what you do know and put “unknown” for the rest.

Sometimes, it is sufficient to give just a credit line below the image, rather than a full footnote or endnote. Generally, Turabian style does not require a bibliographic citation for an image.

Try these helpful guides from other schools:

Citing an Image (Vanderbilt) Citing Images (U. of Cincinnati) Citing Images (U. of Dayton) Citing a Work of Art (R&D Online) Tip sheet with example (PDF from chicagomanualofstyle.org)

John Everett Millais. Ophelia, 1852. Oil on canvas. Tate Britain, London. 762 x 1118 mm. ARTstor.

Sample paper using Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed) with footnotes (opens as a PDF document)

Sample paper using the Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed) author / date (opens as a PDF document)

An annotated bibliography includes a citation and a written statement or abstract about each work to help potential readers decide if an item is relevant to their interests. 

  • Annotated Bibliographies Middlebury College Library Citation Guide - section describing annotated bibliographies with examples.
  • << Previous: APA
  • Next: MLA >>
  • Last Updated: Feb 19, 2024 9:21 AM
  • URL: https://middlebury.libguides.com/citation
  • Free Tools for Students
  • Chicago Citation Generator

Free Chicago Citation Generator

Generate citations in Chicago style automatically, with MyBib!

Chicago style guidebook cover

😕 What is a Chicago Citation Generator?

A Chicago Citation Generator is a software tool that automatically generates citations and bibliographies in the Chicago citation style.

Citations can be created by entering an identifying piece of information about a source, such as a website URL, book ISBN, or journal article DOI to the generator. The generator will then create a fully formatted citation in the Chicago style containing all the required information for the source.

Chicago style citations are used to give credit to the authors of supporting work that has been used to write an academic paper or article.

👩‍🎓 Who uses an Chicago Citation Generator?

The Chicago style is primarily used by college and university students studying business, history, social sciences, the fine arts, amongst others.

🙌 Why should I use a Chicago Citation Generator?

Citing sources is often an afterthought in paper writing because formatting citations correctly is time-consuming and confusing, and staying on top of source management manually can be hard. A citation generator makes this easier by:

  • Decreasing the time you would spend formatting citations correctly
  • Managing the recording and organization of every citation for you

In short, there is no reason not to use a citation generator in academic writing.

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's Chicago Citation Generator?

To get started, scroll up back up to the tool at the top of the page and follow these steps:

  • Select the type of source you want to cite
  • If it's a website, enter the URL in the search bar. If it's a book, enter the ISBN or title. If it's a journal article, enter the DOI or title. For all other sources, enter the details of the source into the form
  • Select the search result that most closely represents the source you referred to in your paper
  • Shazam! The generator will automatically format the citation in the Chicago style. Copy it into your paper, or save it to your bibliography to download later
  • Repeat for every other citation you need to create for your paper

MyBib supports the following for Chicago style:

Image of daniel-elias

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Chicago Style / Chicago Style Footnotes

Chicago/Turabian Basics: Footnotes

This is your how-to guide for footnotes following the Chicago Manual of Style, 17th edition. It will help you understand footnotes vs endnotes, teach you how to create them, and show real examples you can learn from.

Here’s a run-through of everything this page includes:

What is a footnote?

  • Footnotes vs. Endnotes

Why We Use Footnotes

  • Creating footnotes

Bibliography

A footnote is a note that provides additional information or references for the reader.

A footnote is indicated with a superscript numeral (like this 1 ) within the text that corresponds to the same numeral at the bottom of the page, which is followed by the reference or additional information. The footnote should be included directly following the text it pertains to, usually after any punctuation.

In Chicago style (notes-bibliography style), footnotes are used instead of in-text citations to cite sources and to reduce interruption to the flow of the writing. However, footnotes can also be used to provide an additional explanation that would be difficult or distracting to include in the body of the text, to point the reader to additional reading or background information, to clarify a term or editorial decision, or to provide any other information that cannot be included within the text itself.

People working in the humanities—literature, history, and the arts—are the primary users of the Chicago footnotes and bibliography system.

Footnotes vs Endnotes

The main difference between footnotes and endnotes is that footnotes are included at the bottom of each page, whereas endnotes are included at the end of a chapter, article, or book.

Whether to use footnotes or endnotes depends on personal preference as well as the number of footnotes/endnotes needed. For example, in a text that has a significant number of notes, it may be better to format them as endnotes since the footnotes would take up a lot of room at the bottom of each page, making the text harder to read. This guide on  footnotes, end notes, and parentheticals provides more information about the differences between these different types of notes and how to use them.

Here’s a quick overview of the two note styles:

Footnotes vs endnotes

Chicago footnotes provide a note each time a source is referenced and are often combined with a bibliography at the end. The footnote usually includes the author’s name, publication title, publication information, date of publication, and page number(s) if it is the first time the source is being used. For any additional usage, simply use the author’s last name, publication title, and date of publication.

Footnotes should match with a superscript number at the end of the sentence referencing the source. You should begin with 1 and continue numerically throughout the paper. Do not start the order over on each page.

In the text:

Throughout the first half of the novel, Strether has grown increasingly open and at ease in Europe; this quotation demonstrates openness and ease. 1

In the footnote:

1. Henry James, The Ambassadors (Rockville: Serenity, 2009), 34-40.

When citing a source more than once, use a shortened version of the footnote.

2. James, The Ambassadors , 14.

Creating Footnotes

Chicago footnotes provide a note each time a source is referenced and are often combined with a bibliography at the end.

  • If you use a bibliography : You do not need to provide the full citation in the footnotes, but rather a shortened form of the citation. The reader can consult your bibliography to find the full reference.
  • If you only include footnotes and not a bibliography : You must include the full citation the first time you reference the work. The next time you use the same work, you can just use the shortened citation form.

Footnotes should:

  • Include the pages on which the cited information is found so that readers easily find the source.
  • Match with a superscript number (example: 1 ) at the end of the sentence referencing the source.
  • Begin with 1 and continue numerically throughout the paper. Do not start the order over on each page.

Sometimes you may not be able to find all of the information generally included in a citation. This is common for online material and older sources. If this happens, just use the information you have to form the citation.

  • No author : Use the title in the author’s position.
  • No date of publication : “n.d.” (no date) can be used as a placeholder.
  • You may use “n.p.” to indicate no publisher, no place of publication , or no page.

Looking for extra help creating footnotes? Check out the Chicago footnotes generator that comes with a subscription to EasyBib Plus .

proper chicago bibliography format

Citing sources with more than 1 author

If there are two or three authors, include their full names in the order they appear on the source.

In the shortened form, list the last names of all authors of a work with two or three authors.

  • 1st Author First name Last name and 2nd Author First name Last name, Title (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), page number(s).
  • 1st Author Last name and 2nd Author Last name, Shortened title , page number(s).
  • Alexander Aciman and Emmett Rensin , Twitterature: The World’s Greatest Books in Twenty Tweets or Less (New York: Penguin Books, 2009), 47-48.
  • Aciman and Rensin, Twitterature , 25.

Citing sources with 4 or more authors

If there are more than three authors, list only the first author followed by “et al.” List all the authors in the bibliography.

In the shortened form, if there are more than three authors, only give the last name of the first author followed by “et al.”

  • 1st Author First name Last name et al., Title (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), page number(s).
  • 1st Author Last name et al., Shortened title , page number(s).
  • Karen White et al. , The Forgotten Room (New York: Berkley, 2016), 33-38.
  • White, Forgotten , 52.

Get help with footnotes by using the EasyBib Plus Chicago footnotes generator.

Citing sources with other contributor information

You may want to include other contributor information in your footnotes such as editor, translator, or compiler. If there is more than one of any given contributor, include their full names in the order they appear on the source.

  • Harry Mulisch, The Assault , trans. Claire Nicolas White (New York: Pantheon Books, 1985), 14.
  • Mulisch, Assault , 29.If the contributor is taking place of the author, use their full name instead of the author’s and provide their contribution.

If the contributor is taking the place of the author, use their full name instead of the author’s and provide their contribution.

  • Theo Hermans, ed., A Literary History of the Low Countries (Rochester: Camden House, 2009), 372.
  • Hermans, Low Countries , 301.

If you have a corporate author, use that name in place of the author.

Citing sources with no author

It may not be possible to find the author/contributor information; some sources may not even have an author or contributor- for instance, when you cite some websites. Simply omit the unknown information and continue with the footnote as usual.

Example Book (New York: Scholastic, 2010), 65.

Citing a part of a work

When citing a specific part of a work in the Chicago footnotes format, for example, when citing an article in Chicago , provide the relevant page(s) or section identifier. This can include specific pages, sections, or volumes. If page numbers cannot be referenced, simply exclude them.

Article in a book:

  • Kristen Poole, “Dr. Faustus and Reformation Theology,” in Early Modern English Drama: A Critical Companion , ed. G.A. Sullivan et al. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 100.
  • Poole, “Dr. Faustus,” 102.

Chapter in a book:

  • Garrett P. Serviss, “A Trip of Terror,” in A Columbus of Space (New York: Appleton, 1911), 17-32.
  • Serviss, “Trip,” 20.

Introduction, afterword, foreword, or preface:

  • Scott R. Sanders, introduction to Touchstone Anthology of Contemporary Creative Nonfiction: Work from 1970 to Present , ed. Lex Williford and Michael Martone (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007), x-xii.
  • Sanders, “Introduction,” xi.

Article in a periodical:

  • William G. Jacoby, “Public Attitudes Toward Public Spending,” American Journal of Political Science 38, no. 2 (May 1994): 336-61.
  • Jacoby, “Public Attitudes,” 345.

Citing group or corporate authors

In your footnotes, cite a corporate author like you would a normal author. American Medical Association, Journal of the American Medical Association : 12-43.

Citing secondary sources

It is generally discouraged in Chicago style to cite material that you cannot examine in its original form. If this is absolutely necessary, you must cite both the original work and the secondary one in Chicago footnotes.

  • Letter, J.B. Rhine to Aldous Huxley, August 15, 1957, Parapsychology Laboratory Records (1983-1984), Rare Book, Manuscript, and Special Collections Library, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, quoted in Stacy Horn, Unbelievable: Investigations into Ghosts, Poltergeists, Telepathy, and Other Unseen Phenomena, from the Duke Parapsychology Laboratory , (New York: HarperCollins, 2009).

Citing the Bible

When you cite the Bible, include the abbreviated title of the book, the chapter(s), and the verse(s) referenced. You use a colon between chapter and verse. Also, include the version you are referencing. The version must be spelled out for a general audience, but it may be abbreviated for specialists.

  • Prov. 3:5-10 (AV).
  • Prov. 3:5-10 (Authorized King James Version).

Citing online sources

For online sources, Chicago footnotes generally follow the same principles as printed works.The URL, database name, or DOI need to be included so that the reader can easily find the work cited.

“Twitter Privacy Policy,” Privacy Policy, Twitter, last modified January 1, 2020, https://twitter.com/en/privacy.

News article: 

Eliot Brown, “In Silicon Valley, the Big Venture Funds Keep Getting Bigger,” Wall Street Journal , July 25, 2017, https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-silicon-valley-the-big-venture-funds-keep-getting-bigger-1501002000.

Cynthia J. Cyrus, The Scribes for Women’s Convents in Late Medieval Germany (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009), ProQuest Ebook Central.

Social media:

EasyBib (@EasyBib), “Writing a research paper?,” Twitter, January 21, 2020, 5:20 p.m., https://twitter.com/EasyBib/status/1219746511636049920.

Online video: 

Doritos, “The Cool Ranch Long Form feat. Lil Nas X and Sam Elliott,” YouTube video, 01:30, posted February 2, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6qchztaw9g.

Electronic personal communication:

  • Jane Smith, email message to author, January 1, 2020.
  • John Smith, Facebook direct message to author, January 2, 2020.

The Chicago Manual of Style . 17ed. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2017.

Published June 28, 2012. Updated March 11, 2020.

Written by Janice Hansen . Janice has a doctorate in literature and a master’s degree in library science. She spends a lot of time with rare books and citations.

Chicago Formatting Guide

Chicago Formatting

  • Book Chapter
  • Conference Paper
  • Musical Recording

Citation Examples

  • Thesis or Dissertation
  • Encyclopedia
  • Sheet Music
  • YouTube Video

How useful was this post?

Click on a star to rate it!

We are sorry that this post was not useful for you!

Let us improve this post!

Tell us how we can improve this post?

Chicago Citation Examples

Writing Tools

Citation Generators

Other Citation Styles

Plagiarism Checker

Upload a paper to check for plagiarism against billions of sources and get advanced writing suggestions for clarity and style.

Get Started

Banner

Chicago Citation Guide (17th Edition): Powerpoint Presentations

  • What Kind of Source Is This?
  • Advertisements
  • Books, eBooks & Pamphlets
  • Book Reviews
  • Class Handouts, Presentations, and Readings
  • Encyclopedias & Dictionaries
  • Government Documents
  • Images, Artwork, and Maps
  • Interviews and Emails (Personal Communications)
  • Journal Articles
  • Magazine Articles
  • Newspaper Articles
  • Primary Sources
  • Religious Texts
  • Social Media
  • Videos & DVDs
  • Works Quoted in Another Source
  • No Author, No Date etc.
  • Sample Paper, Bibliography, & Annotated Bibliography
  • Powerpoint Presentations

On this Page

Powerpoint presentations - what do i need to cite, powerpoint presentations - where do my citations go, other digital assignments - where do my citations go, quick rules for a chicago bibliography.

Your research paper ends with a list of all the sources cited in the text of the paper. This is called a bibliography.

See an example in the "Sample Paper with Bibliography" box on this page.

Here are nine quick rules for this list:

  • Start a new page for your bibliography (e.g. If your paper is 4 pages long, start your bibliography on page 5).
  • Centre the title, Bibliography, at the top of the page and do not bold or underline it. Look for the alignment option in Word. 
  • Leave two blank lines between the title and the first entry on your list.
  • Single-space the list, but leave one blank line between entries.
  • Start the first line of each citation at the left margin; each subsequent line should be indented (also known as a "hanging indent").
  • Put your list in alphabetical order. Alphabetize the list by the first word in the citation. In most cases, the first word will be the author’s last name. Where the author is unknown, alphabetize by the first word in the title, ignoring the words a, an, the.
  • For each author, give the last name followed by a comma and the first name followed by a period.
  • Italicize the titles of full works , such as: books, videos (films and television shows), artwork, images, maps, journals, newspapers, magazines.
  • Do not italicize titles of parts of works , such as: articles from newspapers, magazines, or journals / essays, poems, short stories or chapter titles from a book / chapters or sections of an Internet document. Instead, use quotation marks.

What am I legally required to cite in my digital assignment?

According to the Copyright Act, you must cite the sources (images, videos, books, websites, etc.) that you used in your digital assignment ( 29.21(1)(b) ). You must cite the source (where you got the information from) and the creator of the content (if available). You must also make sure that any copyrighted materials you used in your assignment meet the conditions set out in section  29.21  of the Copyright Act. For a list of conditions and more information, please visit:  http://studentcopyright.wordpress.com/mashups/

What citation style do I use for the sources in my digital assignment?

There is no one required citation style, so please defer to your instructor's directions and citation style preference.

List your sources in a slide at the end of the Powerpoint presentation, with footnotes throughout your presentation as applicable.

You could also provide a print copy of the sources you used to those attending your presentation.

Chicago Powerpoint Example by Haidee Kowal

Seneca Libraries has the following recommendations for how to organize your list of sources for digital assignments. Please check with your instructor first:

Videos you create: 

List your sources in a credits screen at the end of the video.

Websites you create:

  • For images, include a citation under each image using this format “From: XXXX” and then make the image a link back to the original image ( example  - picture of little girl). Or list the citation at the bottom of the web page.
  • For quotes or material from other sources, include an in-text citation that links back to the original material ( example  – second paragraph).

Images you create: 

If possible list your sources at the bottom or side of the image ( example ). Otherwise, include a list of citations alongside the image wherever it’s uploaded (e.g. Flickr, Blackboard).

**Please note that the above are recommendations only and your instructor may have a preference and directions for how and where you list your sources for your assignment.**

If you don't receive specific instructions from your instructor, try to include your citations in a way that doesn't impact the design of your digital assignment.

For more information please contact Seneca Libraries copyright team at  [email protected]

  • << Previous: Sample Paper, Bibliography, & Annotated Bibliography
  • Next: More Help? >>
  • Last Updated: Oct 19, 2023 9:58 AM
  • URL: https://columbiacollege-ca.libguides.com/chicago

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Web Sources

OWL logo

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

This section contains information on The Chicago Manual of Style method of document formatting and citation. These resources follow the seventeenth edition of The Chicago Manual of Style , which was issued in 2017.

General Model for Citing Web Sources in Chicago Style

Titles for web sources:.

The title of a website that is analogous to a traditionally printed work but does not have (and never had) a printed counterpart can be treated like titles of other websites. For example, Wikipedia can be treated as a website, rather than as a conventional encyclopedia. This is a departure from previous editions of CMOS .

Titles of websites should follow headline-style capitalization and are usually set in roman without quotation marks. Sections of a website, such as a specific header, an individual page, a single blog entry, etc. should be written in roman with quotation marks. There are, however, some exceptions: titles of blogs are set in italics and titles of books, journals, television shows, movies, and other types of works should be treated the same whether cited as a print version or an online version. For example, when citing the website of the television news station CNN , the title maintains italics. Furthermore, in cases such as this, when a website does not have a distinctive title, it can be cited based on the entity responsible for the website, for instance, CNN online. If in doubt regarding whether to use roman or italics, roman is the safer choice.

Authors for Web Sources:

The author of a piece of web content is often not immediately clear. If a name is given, use the name as you would in any other source. If the content is published under a screen name, internet handle, or pseudonym, and the author’s real name is not available, use this in place of the author’s name. You may also use the name of the publishing organization when the webpage has no listed author but is associated with some sort of corporation, association, or professional group. When a web page's author cannot be determined and there is no clear publishing organization, simply list the title first. Use the first letter of the first word in the title that is not an article (i.e., "a," "an," or "the") to determine the entry's alphabetical order in the bibliography. So, for instance, if the title of the page is "A Guide to Baking Apple Pies," "G" should be treated as the first letter for alphabetization purposes.

Dates for Web Sources:

If the source you are citing has a clear publication date, use that as the source’s date, following standard guidelines. Otherwise, look for a revision date; many websites will make note of when they were last modified, edited, or revised. If you are using a date of revision rather than a date of publication, make that clear: “Last modified May 17, 2019”. You may use both at your discretion, in which case you should distinguish between the two: “Published April 26, 2019; last modified May 17, 2019”. If no date at all is available, use the date at which you accessed the source to get the data: “Accessed August 7, 2019”. If the site is modified again so that the data you retrieved originally is altered or removed, you should add a note to that effect in either the text or the citation, specifying “as of [date]” if possible.

Web Source Examples in Chicago Style

Footnote or endnote (n):, corresponding bibliographical entry (b):, electronic books and books consulted online.

Electronic books (e-books) are cited exactly as their print counterparts with the addition of a media marker at the end of the citation: Kindle, PDF, EPUB, etc. Books consulted online are also cited exactly as their print counterparts with the addition of a DOI (or URL) at the end of the citation. See also Books .

Note: Stable page numbers are not always available in electronic formats; therefore, you may include the number of chapter, section, or other easily recognizable locator instead.

Weston, Anthony. A Rulebook for Arguments , 4th ed. Indianapolis: Hackett, 2010. Kindle.

Online Periodicals (Journal, Magazine, and Newspaper Articles)

Online periodicals are cited exactly as their print counterparts with the addition of a DOI or URL at the end of the citation. See also Periodicals . Also keep in mind that while access dates are not required for formally published electronic sources (e.g., journal articles), they can be useful for informally published electronic sources or may be required for by some disciplines for all informally and formally published electronic sources. Access dates should be located immediately prior to the DOI or URL.

For four or more authors, list the first author in the note followed by et al. For the corresponding bibliographic entry, list all authors (up to 10).

Web Page with Known Author and Date

Web page with known date but without known author, web page with unknown publication date and author.

Blog titles should be set in italics and blog entries should be set in quotation marks. Generally, blog entries are cited only as notes. If you frequently cite a blog, however, then you may choose to include it in your bibliography.   Note: if the word “blog” is included in the title of the blog, there is no need to repeat it in parentheses after that title.

Social Media

Posts on social media will often be cited only as notes, though if you intend to discuss the content in depth, you should also put a citation in the bibliography. Since it is easy – and common – for social media posts to vanish with little notice, it is advisable to take a screenshot or similar record of anything you intend to cite, so that future edits or deletions will not undermine your work. Please note that all of this applies only to public content on social media. Private content, such as a direct message or a post in a restricted-membership group should be cited as a personal communication.

Social media posts do not typically have titles, so if a title is not provided, simply use the text of the post, retaining all original capitalization, spelling, etc., set in roman with quotation marks. Do not include more than 160 characters in this section of the citation; if the post is longer than that, cut it off (with an ellipsis) at a sensible point before the 160-character mark is reached. Citation of a social media post should fit the following format:

Ideally, a post should be cited by the author’s legal name and screen name / internet handle, but if there is no screen name available (e.g. on a Facebook post) or no legal name available (e.g. on a Twitter post), use whichever you do have. Also note that you needn’t include the format/medium if the post is only text, and you should only include the time stamp if it is relevant to your point or necessary to distinguish between multiple citations on the same day. Also, if you have quoted the full post in your main text, you can leave that out of your note citation.

Forums and Mailing Lists

Citations for internet forums or mailing lists are very similar to social media citations, with a few differences. Rather than the text of the post, use the thread title or subject heading as your citation title; also, the name of the list or forum should be added in addition to the host site or service.

At times, it may be necessary to cite a comment someone has made on a blog entry, online article, social media post, etc. Generally, the comment will only be cited as a note, not in the bibliography, unless there is some significant reason you feel it should be considered a source on its own, separate from the work to which it was responding. Citation of a comment need only contain the name of the commenter (and/or screen name, as above), the date the comment was made (time stamp optional), and a reference back to the work to which it is responding.

Online Multimedia

Online multimedia should be cited using the general format below. Note that whether the title of the work should be set in italics or in roman with quotation marks will vary from one medium to another, as noted near the beginning of this page. For additional guidelines on the citation of videos, songs, and multimedia in general, see Audiovisual Recordings and Other Multimedia.

When citing a podcast, set the podcast title in italics, and the episode title (and number, if it is included in the title of the episode) in roman with quotation marks. The date of publication should be included after the episode title rather than before the medium, as shown below.

Note: Inclusion of the word “podcast” follows the same guidelines as inclusion of the word “blog” above. “Podcast, MP3 audio” is used below, then, as an example placeholder and would not necessarily be required for this specific example.

Online Video

If you are citing a video from an online service, such as YouTube, you can follow the general multimedia guidelines, but you must include the URL. The medium for any sort of streaming video where the file type is not necessarily clear or relevant can be cited simply as “video”.

Generate accurate Chicago citations for free

  • Knowledge Base
  • Chicago Style
  • Chicago Style Footnotes | Citation Format & Examples

Chicago Style Footnotes | Citation Format & Examples

Published on September 18, 2019 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on December 5, 2022.

The notes and bibliography style is one of two citation options provided by the Chicago Manual of Style . Each time a source is quoted or paraphrased , a superscript number is placed in the text, which corresponds to a footnote or endnote containing details of the source .

Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page, while endnotes appear on a separate page at the end of the text.

Chicago-style-footnote-citation

Pay attention to the punctuation (e.g., commas , quotation marks ) in your footnotes.

Chicago Reference Generator

Instantly correct all language mistakes in your text

Upload your document to correct all your mistakes in minutes

upload-your-document-ai-proofreader

Table of contents

Full notes and short notes, placement of footnotes, content of chicago footnotes, footnote examples for different source types, footnotes vs endnotes, frequently asked questions about chicago style footnotes.

There are two types of footnote in Chicago style: full notes and short notes.

Full notes contain the full publication details of the source. The first citation of each source should be a full note.

Full note example

1. Virginia Woolf, “Modern Fiction,” in Selected Essays , ed. David Bradshaw (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 11.

Short notes contain only the author’s last name, the title (shortened if longer than four words), and the page number (if relevant). They are used for all subsequent citations of the same source. It’s also acceptable to use “ ibid. ” instead to refer to the immediately preceding source.

Short note example

2. Woolf, “Modern Fiction,” 11.

The guidelines for use of short and full notes can vary across different fields and institutions. Sometimes you might be required to use a full note for every citation, or to use a short note every time as long as all sources appear in the Chicago style bibliography . Check with your instructor if you’re unsure.

Receive feedback on language, structure, and formatting

Professional editors proofread and edit your paper by focusing on:

  • Academic style
  • Vague sentences
  • Style consistency

See an example

proper chicago bibliography format

Footnotes should be used whenever a source is quoted or paraphrased in the text. They appear at the bottom of the relevant page, corresponding to reference numbers in the text. You can easily insert footnotes in Microsoft Word .

The reference number appears in superscript at the end of the clause or sentence it refers to. It is placed after any punctuation except a dash :

Johnson argues that “the data is unconvincing.” 1

Johnson argues that “the data is unconvincing” 1 —but Smith contends that …

Notes should be numbered consecutively, starting from 1, across the whole text. Your first citation is marked with a 1, your second with a 2, and so on. The numbering does not restart with a new page or section (although in a book-length text it may restart with each new chapter).

The footnote contains the number of the citation followed by a period and then the citation itself. The citation always includes the author’s name and the title of the text, and it always ends with a period. Full notes also include all the relevant publication information in parentheses (which varies by source type ).

If you quote a source or refer to a specific passage, include a page number or range. However, if the source doesn’t have page numbers, or if you’re referring to the text as a whole, you can omit the page number.

In short notes, titles of more than four words are shortened. Shorten them in a way that retains the keyword(s) so that the text is still easily recognizable for the reader:

1. Mary Shelley, Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus , ed. M.K. Joseph (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 91. 2. Shelley, Frankenstein , 91.

Combining multiple citations

Do not place multiple footnotes at the same point in your text (e.g. 1, 2, 3 ). If you need to cite multiple sources in one sentence, you can combine the citations into one footnote, separated by semicolons :

1. Hulme, “Romanticism and Classicism”; Eliot, The Waste Land ; Woolf, “Modern Fiction,” 11.

Sources with multiple authors

Footnotes for sources with two or three authors should include all the authors’ names. When there are four or more authors, add “ et al. ” (Latin for “and others”) after the first author’s name.

Missing information

You sometimes won’t have all the information required for your citation. You might be missing page numbers, the author’s name, or the publication date.

If one of your sources (e.g., a website ) has no page numbers, but you still think it’s important to cite a specific part of the text, other locators like headings , chapters or paragraphs can be used. Abbreviate words like “paragraph” to “par.” and “chapter” to “chap.”, and put headings in quotation marks :

1. Johnson, “Literature Review,” chap. 2.1 . 2. Smith, “Thematic Analysis,” under “Methodology.”

If the source lacks a stated publication date, the abbreviation “n.d.” (no date) should replace the year in a full note:

1. Smith, Data Analysis (New York: Norton, n.d. ), 293.

If a text doesn’t list its author’s name, the organization that published it can be treated as the author in your citation:

1. Scribbr , “Chicago Style Citation.”

If you use a website name as an author, you may end up repeating the same information twice in one citation. Omit the website name from its usual place if you’ve already listed it in place of the author.

Short notes usually look similar regardless of source type—author, title, page number. However, the information included in full notes varies according to the source you’re citing. Below are examples for several common source types, showing how the footnote should look in Chicago format .

Chicago book citation

Italicize the book title. If the book states an edition (other than the first), include this and abbreviate it (e.g., 2nd ed., rev. ed.). Add the URL if you consulted the book online instead of in a physical copy.

Chicago book citation format

Chicago book chapter citation

Sometimes you’ll cite from one chapter in a book containing texts by multiple authors—for example, a compilation of essays. In this case, you’ll want to cite the relevant chapter rather than the whole book.

The chapter title should be enclosed in quotation marks , while the book title should be italicized. The short note only contains the chapter title.

The author is the one who wrote the specific chapter you’re citing. The editor of the whole book is listed toward the end of the footnote (with the abbreviation “ed.”), and left out of the short note.

Chicago book chapter citation format

Chicago journal article citation

The article title should be enclosed in quotation marks, while the journal name should be italicized. Volume and issue numbers identify which edition of the journal the source appears in.

A DOI is a digital object identifier. This is generally more reliable than the URL when linking to online journal content.

Chicago journal article citation format

Chicago website citation

The page title should be enclosed in quotation marks. Italicization is not used for website names.

If the publication date is unknown, you can instead list the date when you accessed the page at the end of the citation (e.g., accessed on September 10, 2019).

Chicago website citation format

Here's why students love Scribbr's proofreading services

Discover proofreading & editing

All of the above information also applies to endnotes. Endnotes are less commonly used than footnotes, but they’re a perfectly valid option.

Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page they refer to.

  • Footnotes allow the reader to immediately check your citations as they read …
  • … but if you have a lot of footnotes, they can be distracting and take up space on the page.

Endnotes appear in their own section at the end of the text, before the bibliography.

  • Endnotes take up less space in the body of your text and reduce distraction …
  • … but they are less accessible, as the reader has to flip to the end to check each note.

Endnote citations look exactly the same as those in footnotes. Unless you’ve been told which one to use, choose whichever you prefer. Just use one or the other consistently.

Footnotes appear at the bottom of the relevant page.  Endnotes appear in a list at the end of the text, just before the reference list or bibliography. Don’t mix footnotes and endnotes in the same document: choose one or the other and use them consistently.

In Chicago notes and bibliography style , you can use either footnotes or endnotes, and citations follow the same format in either case.

In APA and MLA style , footnotes or endnotes are not used for citations, but they can be used to provide additional information.

In Chicago notes and bibliography style , the usual standard is to use a full note for the first citation of each source, and short notes for any subsequent citations of the same source.

However, your institution’s guidelines may differ from the standard rule. In some fields, you’re required to use a full note every time, whereas in some other fields you can use short notes every time, as long as all sources are listed in your bibliography . If you’re not sure, check with your instructor.

In Chicago author-date style , your text must include a reference list . It appears at the end of your paper and gives full details of every source you cited.

In notes and bibliography style, you use Chicago style footnotes to cite sources; a bibliography is optional but recommended. If you don’t include one, be sure to use a full note for the first citation of each source.

Page numbers should be included in your Chicago in-text citations when:

  • You’re quoting from the text.
  • You’re paraphrasing a particular passage.
  • You’re referring to information from a specific section.

When you’re referring to the overall argument or general content of a source, it’s unnecessary to include page numbers.

In a Chicago style footnote , list up to three authors. If there are more than three, name only the first author, followed by “ et al. “

In the bibliography , list up to 10 authors. If there are more than 10, list the first seven followed by “et al.”

The same rules apply in Chicago author-date style .

To automatically generate accurate Chicago references, you can use Scribbr’s free Chicago reference generator .

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2022, December 05). Chicago Style Footnotes | Citation Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved February 22, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/chicago-style/footnotes/

Is this article helpful?

Jack Caulfield

Jack Caulfield

Other students also liked, creating a chicago style bibliography | format & examples, chicago in-text citations | styles, format & examples, what are footnotes | guide with word instructions, what is your plagiarism score.

IMAGES

  1. How to Create a Chicago Style Bibliography

    proper chicago bibliography format

  2. Chicago Annotated Bibliography Format and Example

    proper chicago bibliography format

  3. Chicago Style Annotated Bibliography Example

    proper chicago bibliography format

  4. Chicago Style: Bibliography

    proper chicago bibliography format

  5. Chicago Style Citation Explained: Advice, Tips & Tricks

    proper chicago bibliography format

  6. Formatting Your Paper

    proper chicago bibliography format

VIDEO

  1. bibliography 😊😊

  2. Reference Tab use in MS Word Bangla Tutorial |MS Word Footnote, Citations & Bibliography সহজেই শিখুন

  3. How to write bibliography

  4. Citation & Bibliography Tools

  5. Chicago Style Format bibliography journal entry

  6. Bibliography Meaning

COMMENTS

  1. Creating a Chicago Style Bibliography

    Book Book chapter Journal article Website The edition is always abbreviated (e.g. 2nd ed. or rev. ed.). Only include the URL for books you consulted online. Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check. Try for free Formatting the bibliography page The bibliography appears at the end of your text.

  2. Chicago Style Citation Guide

    The Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition) contains guidelines for two styles of citation: notes and bibliography and author-date. Notes and bibliography is the most common type of Chicago style citation, and the main focus of this article. It is widely used in the humanities.

  3. Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition

    Cite Using citation machines responsibly Powered by The material on this page focuses primarily on one of the two CMOS documentation styles: the Notes-Bibliography System (NB), which is used by those working in literature, history, and the arts.

  4. Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide

    Chicago-style source citations come in two varieties: (1) notes and bibliography and (2) author-date. If you already know which system to use, follow one of the links above to see sample citations for a variety of common sources. If you are unsure about which system to use, read on. Notes and Bibliography or Author-Date?

  5. General Format

    A Note on Citations. Unlike many citation styles, CMOS gives writers two different methods for documenting sources: the Author-Date System and the Notes-Bibliography (NB) System. As its name suggests, Author-Date uses parenthetical citations in the text to reference the source's author's last name and the year of publication. Each parenthetical ...

  6. Notes and Bibliography Style

    In the bibliography, include the page range for the chapter or part. Note 1. Henry David Thoreau, "Walking," in The Making of the American Essay, ed. John D'Agata (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 177-78. Shortened note 2. Thoreau, "Walking," 182. Bibliography entry Thoreau, Henry David. "Walking."

  7. Chicago/Turabian Style and How to Use It

    Create manual citation Need Chicago or Turabian style for a paper you are writing? This guide has everything you need to know about Chicago style according to the latest standards.

  8. Chicago Style Format for Papers

    To apply Chicago format: Use a standard font like 12 pt. Times New Roman. Double-space the text. Use 1 inch margins or larger. Indent new paragraphs by ½ inch. Place page numbers in the top right or bottom center. Note that any specific formatting advice from your instructor or faculty overrules these guidelines.

  9. Books

    CMOS Formatting and Style Guide Purdue OWL Research and Citation Chicago Style CMOS Formatting and Style Guide Books Books General Model for Citing Books in the Chicago Notes and Bibliography System Footnote or endnote (N): 1. First name Last name, Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), page number.

  10. Chicago Manual Style

    The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) is the preferred formatting and style guidelines used by the disciplines of history, philosophy, religion, and the arts. This quick reference guide focuses on how to format the title page, the notes, and bibliography citations in Chicago Manual Style 17 edition. Title Page. In CMS, a title page is required.

  11. Chicago Style Paper: Standard Format and Rules

    To keep things simple, let's look at the basic formatting rules first. 1-inch margins. Times New Roman 12 pt. font recommended. Left justified (means the text on the right will be jagged) ½ inch indent for the beginning of paragraphs. Header with the page number in the right corner. Double spaced.

  12. Chicago Citation Examples: Notes & Bibliography

    Books Common Book Formatting: [Chicago 17th: 14.100-159] Note: Author, Title (Place of Publication: Publisher, Date), Page Number. Shortened Note: Author, Title, Page Number. Bibliography: Author. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, Date.

  13. Chicago Style Page Formatting

    Bibliography. Your bibliography should go on a separate page, with the word Bibliography centered at the top of the page in Times/Times New Roman 12 pt font. Do not use bold or large size font for the heading. Be sure to use proper formatting - note and bibliography styles are different.

  14. Chicago style guide: Chicago style page formatting

    Bibliography. Your bibliography should go on a separate page, with the word Bibliography centered at the top of the page in Times/Times New Roman 12 pt font. Do not use bold or large size font for the heading. Be sure to use proper formatting - note and bibliography styles are different.

  15. Chicago/Turabian

    Chicago Manual of Style (full guide online) Use in-text citations for the Author-Date system. (Author last name year, page number). Example: (Pollan 2006, 99-100) Include a Bibliography at the end. Note that the date is after the author instead of at the end as with the notes-bibliography style. Example: Smith, Zadie. 2016.

  16. How to Cite a Book in Chicago Style

    The basic formats for citing a book in a Chicago footnote and a bibliography entry are as follows: Short notes always follow the same basic format. Full notes and bibliography entries contain additional information if the book specifies an edition, translator, or editor, and follow a specific format when citing an individual chapter in a book.

  17. Free Chicago Citation Generator [Updated for 2024]

    The generator will automatically format the citation in the Chicago style. Copy it into your paper, or save it to your bibliography to download later. Repeat for every other citation you need to create for your paper. Generate accurate Chicago style citations automatically. Enter a website URL, book title, or journal title, and our tool will ...

  18. Chicago Citation Format: Footnotes and how to make them

    Create manual citation This is your how-to guide for footnotes following the Chicago Manual of Style, 17th edition. It will help you understand footnotes vs endnotes, teach you how to create them, and show real examples you can learn from. Here's a run-through of everything this page includes: What is a footnote? Footnotes vs. Endnotes

  19. Chicago Citation Guide (17th Edition): Powerpoint Presentations

    Here are nine quick rules for this list: Start a new page for your bibliography (e.g. If your paper is 4 pages long, start your bibliography on page 5). Centre the title, Bibliography, at the top of the page and do not bold or underline it. Look for the alignment option in Word.

  20. Web Sources

    This section contains information on The Chicago Manual of Style method of document formatting and citation. ... cut it off (with an ellipsis) at a sensible point before the 160-character mark is reached. Citation of a social media post should fit the following format: N: 1. Firstname Lastname (Screen name), "Post text", social media ...

  21. Chicago In-text Citations

    1. Woolf, "Modern Fiction," 11. Instantly correct all language mistakes in your text Be assured that you'll submit flawless writing. Upload your document to correct all your mistakes. Table of contents Which Chicago style should you use? Option 1: Author-date in-text citations Option 2: Citations in footnotes or endnotes

  22. PDF Citing Your Sources Using Chicago (Turabian) Style for PowerPoint

    Citing Your Sources Using Chicago Style for PowerPoint Presentations, Rev. 9/11/2018 - p. 1 ... the list below demonstrates the proper formats for citing popular business research sources in your presentation. Alternatively, you can use Zbib to generate citations for your bibliography. ... different format may be appropriate (e.g. Consulting ...

  23. Chicago Style Footnotes

    2. Woolf, "Modern Fiction," 11. The guidelines for use of short and full notes can vary across different fields and institutions. Sometimes you might be required to use a full note for every citation, or to use a short note every time as long as all sources appear in the Chicago style bibliography. Check with your instructor if you're unsure.