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Definition of none

 (Entry 1 of 4)

Definition of none  (Entry 2 of 4)

Definition of none  (Entry 3 of 4)

Definition of none  (Entry 4 of 4)

  • no way

Examples of none in a Sentence

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'none.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

Middle English, from Old English nān , from ne not + ān one — more at no , one

Late Latin nona , from Latin, 9th hour of the day from sunrise — more at noon

before the 12th century, in the meaning defined at sense 1

before the 12th century, in the meaning defined above

1848, in the meaning defined at sense 1

circa 1525, in the meaning defined above

Phrases Containing none

  • jack - of - all - trades, master of none
  • have none of
  • all - or - none
  • none other than
  • none of your business
  • none of the above
  • none of someone's concern
  • none / not too thrilled
  • none of someone's affair / business
  • none of one's beeswax
  • second to none
  • slim to none
  • none too pleased
  • none too soon
  • none the wiser
  • none the worse for wear

is none singular or plural video

Is 'None' Singular or Plural?

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Dictionary Entries Near none

nondurables

Cite this Entry

“None.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/none. Accessed 16 Feb. 2024.

Kids Definition

Kids definition of none.

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Kids Definition of none  (Entry 2 of 2)

More from Merriam-Webster on none

Nglish: Translation of none for Spanish Speakers

Britannica English: Translation of none for Arabic Speakers

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“nones” on the rise.

The number of Americans who do not identify with any religion continues to grow at a rapid pace. One-fifth of the U.S. public – and a third of adults under 30 – are religiously unaffiliated today, the highest percentages ever in Pew Research Center polling.

In the last five years alone, the unaffiliated have increased from just over 15% to just under 20% of all U.S. adults. Their ranks now include more than 13 million self-described atheists and agnostics (nearly 6% of the U.S. public), as well as nearly 33 million people who say they have no particular religious affiliation (14%). 3

No religious affiliation in America has grown to 19.6%

This large and growing group of Americans is less religious than the public at large on many conventional measures, including frequency of attendance at religious services and the degree of importance they attach to religion in their lives.

However, a new survey by the Pew Research Center’s Forum on Religion & Public Life, conducted jointly with the PBS television program Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly, finds that many of the country’s 46 million unaffiliated adults are religious or spiritual in some way. Two-thirds of them say they believe in God (68%). More than half say they often feel a deep connection with nature and the earth (58%), while more than a third classify themselves as “spiritual” but not “religious” (37%), and one-in-five (21%) say they pray every day. In addition, most religiously unaffiliated Americans think that churches and other religious institutions benefit society by strengthening community bonds and aiding the poor.

With few exceptions, though, the unaffiliated say they are not looking for a religion that would be right for them. Overwhelmingly, they think that religious organizations are too concerned with money and power, too focused on rules and too involved in politics.

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The growth in the number of religiously unaffiliated Americans – sometimes called the rise of the “nones” – is largely driven by generational replacement, the gradual supplanting of older generations by newer ones. 4 A third of adults under 30 have no religious affiliation (32%), compared with just one-in-ten who are 65 and older (9%). And young adults today are much more likely to be unaffiliated than previous generations were at a similar stage in their lives.

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These generational differences are consistent with other signs of a gradual softening of religious commitment among some (though by no means all) Americans in recent decades. Pew Research Center surveys conducted over the last 10 years, for example, find modest growth in the number of people who say they seldom or never attend religious services, as well as a declining number who say they never doubt the existence of God.

In addition to religious behavior, the way that Americans talk about their connection to religion seems to be changing. Increasingly, Americans describe their religious affiliation in terms that more closely match their level of involvement in churches and other religious organizations. In 2007, 60% of those who said they seldom or never attend religious services nevertheless described themselves as belonging to a particular religious tradition. In 2012, just 50% of those who say they seldom or never attend religious services still retain a religious affiliation – a 10-point drop in five years. These trends suggest that the ranks of the unaffiliated are swelling in surveys partly  because Americans who rarely go to services are more willing than in the past to drop their religious attachments altogether.

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With their rising numbers, the religiously unaffiliated are an increasingly important segment of the electorate. In the 2008 presidential election, they voted as heavily for Barack Obama as white evangelical Protestants did for John McCain. More than six-in-ten religiously unaffiliated registered voters are Democrats (39%) or lean toward the Democratic Party (24%). They are about twice as likely to describe themselves as political liberals than as conservatives, and solid majorities support legal abortion (72%) and same-sex marriage (73%). In the last five years, the unaffiliated have risen from 17% to 24% of all registered voters who are Democrats or lean Democratic. (See religious groupings in pie chart below.)

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This report includes findings from a nationwide survey by the Pew Research Center, conducted June 28-July 9, 2012, using both landlines and cell phones, among a representative sample of 2,973 adults. In partnership with Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly, the Pew Forum conducted an additional 511 interviews with religiously unaffiliated adults between June 28 and July 10, producing a total sample of 958 religiously unaffiliated respondents in the new survey.

To help paint a full portrait of religiously unaffiliated Americans, the Pew Forum also aggregated and analyzed data on this large and growing population from prior Pew Research Center surveys.

In addition, this report contains capsule summaries of some leading theories put forward by scholars in an attempt to explain the root causes of the rise of the “nones.” These theories run the gamut from a backlash against the entanglement of religion and politics to a global relationship between economic development and secularization. While Pew Research Center surveys are unlikely to settle the debate, they may help to rule out some misconceptions about the unaffiliated. For example, the surveys show that religious affiliation is declining among Americans who do not have college degrees, as well as among college graduates, which suggests that the trend is not solely a result of attitudes toward religion on college campuses. Nor, as the new Pew Research Center/Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly survey shows, are the unaffiliated composed largely of religious “seekers” who are looking for a spiritual home and have not found it yet.

Ranks of the Religiously Unaffiliated Continue To Grow

In 2007 Pew Research Center surveys, 15.3% of U.S. adults answered a question about their current religion by saying they were atheist, agnostic or “nothing in particular.” The number of religiously unaffiliated respondents has ticked up each year since, and now stands at 19.6%.

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While the ranks of the unaffiliated have grown significantly over the past five years, the Protestant share of the population has shrunk. In 2007, 53% of adults in Pew Research Center surveys described themselves as Protestants. In surveys conducted in the first half of 2012, fewer than half of American adults say they are Protestant (48%). This marks the first time in Pew Research Center surveys that the Protestant share of the population has dipped significantly below 50%.

The decline is concentrated among white Protestants, both evangelical and mainline. Currently, 19% of U.S. adults identify themselves as white, born-again or evangelical Protestants, down slightly from 21% in 2007. And 15% of adults describe themselves as white Protestants but say they are not born-again or evangelical Christians, down from 18% in 2007. 5 There has been no change in minority Protestants’ share of the population over the past five years.

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These findings represent a continuation of long-term trends. 6 The General Social Surveys (GSS), conducted by the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago for roughly four decades, show that the number of religiously unaffiliated adults remained below 10% from the 1970s through the early 1990s. The percentage of religiously unaffiliated respondents began to rise noticeably in the 1990s and stood at 18% in the 2010 GSS.

The Protestant share of the population, by contrast, has been declining since the early 1990s. In the GSS, about six-in-ten adults identified as Protestants in the 1970s and 1980s. By 2000, however, 54% of GSS respondents were Protestant. And in the 2010 GSS, 51% of respondents identified themselves as Protestants.

The Catholic share of the population has been roughly steady over this period, in part because of immigration from Latin America. 7

What Is Behind the Growth of the Religiously Unaffiliated?

Generational replacement.

One important factor behind the growth of the religiously unaffiliated is generational replacement, the gradual supplanting of older generations by newer ones. Among the youngest Millennials (those ages 18-22, who were minors in 2007 and thus not eligible to be interviewed in Pew Research Center surveys conducted that year), fully one-third (34%) are religiously unaffiliated, compared with about one-in-ten members of the Silent Generation (9%) and one-in-twenty members of the World War II-era Greatest Generation (5%). Older Millennials (ages 23-30) also are substantially less likely than prior generations to be religiously affiliated.

But generational replacement is not the only factor at play. Generation Xers and Baby Boomers also have become more religiously unaffiliated in recent years. In 2012, 21% of Gen Xers and 15% of Baby Boomers describe themselves as religiously unaffiliated, up slightly (but by statistically significant margins) from 18% and 12%, respectively, since 2007. The trend lines for earlier generations are essentially flat. Not only are young adults less likely to be affiliated than their elders, but the GSS shows that the percentage of Americans who were raised without an affiliation has been rising gradually, from about 3% in the early 1970s to about 8% in the past decade. However, the overwhelming majority of the “nones” were brought up in a religious tradition. The new Pew Research Center/Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly survey finds that about three-quarters of unaffiliated adults were raised with some affiliation (74%).

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Some Evidence of Decline in Religious Commitment in the U.S. Public

The continued growth of the religiously unaffiliated is one of several indicators suggesting that the U.S. public gradually may be growing less religious. To be sure, the United States remains a highly religious country – particularly by comparison with other advanced industrial democracies – and some measures of religious commitment in America have held remarkably steady over the years. The number of Americans who currently say religion is very important in their lives (58%), for instance, is little changed since 2007 (61%) and is far higher than in Britain (17%), France (13%), Germany (21%) or Spain (22%). 8 And over the longer term, Pew Research surveys find no change in the percentage of Americans who say that prayer is an important part of their daily life; it is 76% in 2012, the same as it was 25 years ago, in 1987.

But on some other key measures, there is evidence of a gradual decline in religious commitment. In 2003, for instance, 25% of U.S. adults indicated they seldom or never attend religious services. By 2012, that number had ticked up 4 points, to 29%.

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Similarly, the percentage of Americans who say they never doubt the existence of God has fallen modestly but noticeably over the past 25 years. In 1987, 88% of adults said they never doubt the existence of God. As of 2012, this figure was down 8 percentage points to 80%.

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In addition, the percentage of Americans who say the Bible should be taken literally has fallen in Gallup polls from an average of about 38% of the public in the late 1970s and early 1980s to an average of 31% since. 9 And based on analysis of GSS data, Mark Chaves of Duke University has found that Americans born in recent decades are much less likely than their elders to report having attended religious services weekly at age 12. Young adults are also less likely than older adults to report that when they were growing up, their parents attended religious services regularly.

Chaves recently summarized trends in American religion by asserting that “… there is much continuity, and there is some decline, but no traditional religious belief or practice has increased in recent decades.” 10

Less Religious Americans Increasingly Say They Have No Affiliation

Part of the reason that the ranks of the unaffiliated have grown in recent years is that Americans who are not particularly religious – at least by conventional measures, such as self-reported rates of attendance at religious services – increasingly describe themselves as atheist, agnostic or “nothing in particular.”

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In 2007, 38% of people who said they seldom or never attend religious services described themselves as religiously unaffiliated. In 2012, 49% of infrequent attenders eschew any religious affiliation. By comparison, the percentage describing themselves as unaffiliated has been flat among those who attend religious services once a week or more often.

Over this same period (2007-2012), change in self-reported levels of religious attendance has been relatively modest. In 2007, 38% of U.S. adults reported attending religious services weekly. Today, the figure is 37%. And although there has been a four-point uptick over the past decade in the number saying they seldom or never attend services, the change over the past five years has been more modest (from 27% saying they seldom or never attend in 2007 to 29% in 2012).

Summarizing these trends from another angle, the religiously unaffiliated population is increasingly composed of people who rarely or never attend religious services. In 2007, 68% of religiously unaffiliated Americans said they seldom or never attend religious services. As of 2012, this figure has risen slightly but significantly to 72%. Over the same period, the share of religiously affiliated adults who seldom or never attend religious services has declined slightly. 11

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Who Are the Unaffiliated?

Demographically broad-based.

The growth of the unaffiliated has taken place across a wide variety of demographic groups. The percentage of unaffiliated respondents has ticked up among men and women, college graduates and those without a college degree, people earning $75,000 or more and those making less than $30,000 annually, and residents of all major regions of the country.

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When it comes to race, however, the recent change has been concentrated in one group: whites. One-fifth of (non-Hispanic) whites now describe themselves as religiously unaffiliated, up five percentage points since 2007. By contrast, the share of blacks and Hispanics who are religiously unaffiliated has not changed by a statistically significant margin in recent years.

Beliefs and Practices

In terms of their religious beliefs and practices, the unaffiliated are a diverse group, and far from uniformly secular. Just 5% say they attend worship services on a weekly basis. But one-third of the unaffiliated say religion is at least somewhat important in their lives. Two-thirds believe in God (though less than half say they are absolutely certain of God’s existence). And although a substantial minority of the unaffiliated consider themselves neither religious nor spiritual (42%), the majority describe themselves either as a religious person (18%) or as spiritual but not religious (37%).

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The unaffiliated also are not uniformly hostile toward religious institutions. They are much more likely than the public overall to say that churches and other religious organizations are too concerned with money and power, too focused on rules, and too involved in politics. But at the same time, a majority of the religiously unaffiliated clearly think that religion can be a force for good in society, with three-quarters saying religious organizations bring people together and help strengthen community bonds (78%) and a similar number saying religious organizations play an important role in helping the poor and needy (77%).

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The religiously unaffiliated population is less convinced that religious institutions help protect morality; just half say this, considerably lower than the share of the general public that views churches and other religious organizations as defenders of morality (52% vs. 76%).

Two-thirds of Americans, including 63% of the religiously unaffiliated, say religion as a whole is losing its influence on American life. A large majority of those who think religion’s influence is on the decline see this as a bad thing. But those who describe their religion as “nothing in particular” are less inclined to view religion’s declining influence as a bad thing. And atheists and agnostics overwhelmingly view religion’s declining influence as a good thing for society.

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The vast majority of religiously unaffiliated Americans are not actively seeking to find a church or other religious group to join. Leaving aside atheists or agnostics, just 10% of those who describe their current religion as “nothing in particular” say they are looking for a religion that is right for them; 88% say they are not. 12

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Nor are the ranks of the unaffiliated predominantly composed of practitioners of New Age spirituality or alternative forms of religion. Generally speaking, the unaffiliated are no more likely than members of the public as a whole to have such beliefs and practices.

For example, roughly three-in-ten religiously unaffiliated adults say they believe in spiritual energy in physical objects and in yoga as a spiritual practice. About a quarter believe in astrology and reincarnation. In addition, nearly six-in-ten of the religiously unaffiliated say they often feel a deep connection with nature and the earth; about three-in-ten say they have felt in touch with someone who is dead; and 15% have consulted a psychic. All of these figures closely resemble the survey’s findings among the public as a whole.

On the other hand, the religiously unaffiliated are less inclined than Americans overall to say they often think about the meaning and purpose of life (53% vs. 67%). They also attach much less importance to belonging to a community of people with shared values and beliefs; 28% of the unaffiliated say this is very important to them, compared with 49% of all adults.

Social and Political Views

The religiously unaffiliated are heavily Democratic in their partisanship and liberal in their political ideology. More than six-in-ten describe themselves as Democrats or say they lean toward the Democratic Party (compared with 48% of all registered voters). And there are roughly twice as many self-described liberals (38%) as conservatives (20%) among the religiously unaffiliated. Among voters overall, this balance is reversed.

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The liberalism of the unaffiliated extends to social issues, though not necessarily to attitudes about the size of government. Nearly three-quarters (72%) of religiously unaffiliated Americans say abortion should be legal in most or all cases, compared with 53% of the public overall. And 73% of the religiously unaffiliated express support for same-sex marriage, compared with 48% of the public at large. But the portion of the unaffiliated who say they would prefer a smaller government providing fewer services to a larger government providing more services is similar to the share of the general public who take the same view (50% and 52%, respectively).

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In recent elections, the religiously unaffiliated have become one of the most reliably Democratic segments of the electorate. Exit polls conducted by a consortium of news organizations indicate that in 2000, 61% of the unaffiliated voted for Al Gore over George W. Bush. By 2004, John Kerry’s share of the unaffiliated vote had increased to 67%. And in 2008, fully three-quarters of the religiously unaffiliated voted for Barack Obama over John McCain. In 2008, religiously unaffiliated voters were as strongly Democratic in their vote choice as white evangelicals were Republican. Obama’s margin of victory among the religiously unaffiliated was 52 points; McCain’s margin of victory among white evangelical voters was 47 points.

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The religiously unaffiliated constitute a growing share of Democratic and Democratic-leaning registered voters. In 2007, there were about as many religiously unaffiliated Democratic and Democratic- leaning registered voters as white mainline and white Catholic Democratic voters. And the religiously unaffiliated were only slightly more numerous among Democratic and Democratic-leaning registered voters than were black Protestants (17% vs. 14%).

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Today, the religiously unaffiliated are clearly more numerous than any of these groups within the Democratic coalition (24% unaffiliated, 16% black Protestant, 14% white mainline Protestant, 13% white Catholic). By contrast, Republican and Republican-leaning registered voters are only slightly more likely to be religiously unaffiliated today than they were in 2007 (11% vs. 9%).

Sidebar: Some Theories About Root Causes of the Rise of the Unaffiliated

Theory no. 1: political backlash.

Several leading scholars contend that young adults, in particular, have turned away from organized religion because they perceive it as deeply entangled with conservative politics and do not want to have any association with it. University of California, Berkeley, sociologists Michael Hout and Claude S. Fischer first suggested in 2002 that “part of the increase in ‘nones’ can be viewed as a symbolic statement against the Religious Right.” 13 And in their recent book, “American Grace: How Religion Divides and Unites Us,” Robert Putnam of Harvard University and David Campbell of Notre Dame marshall evidence from various surveys that supports this thesis. From the 1970s through the 1990s, they argue, “[r]eligiosity and conservative politics became increasingly aligned, and abortion and gay rights became emblematic of the emergent culture wars.” The result, they write, was that many young Americans came to view religion as “judgmental, homophobic, hypocritical, and too political.” 14

The new Pew Research Center/Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly survey contains some data that can be seen as consistent with this hypothesis. The survey finds that the unaffiliated are concentrated among younger adults, political liberals and people who take liberal positions on same-sex marriage. In addition, two-thirds or more of the unaffiliated say that churches and other religious institutions are too concerned with money and power (70%) and too involved in politics (67%); these views are significantly more common among the unaffiliated than they are in the general public. Analysis of previous Pew Research Center surveys also shows that the unaffiliated are less likely than the affiliated to believe it is important to have a president with strong religious beliefs, and the unaffiliated are more likely than those with a religious affiliation to say that churches and other houses of worship should stay out of political matters. 15 On the other hand, the percentage of religiously unaffiliated people has risen among Republican voters as well as among Democratic voters (though the increase is greater among Democrats).

Theory No. 2: Delays in Marriage

If there has been a political backlash, it may not be the only cause of the rise of the “nones.” As previously noted, the increase in the unaffiliated has taken place almost entirely among the segment of the population that seldom or never attends religious services. Some sociologists, such as Robert Wuthnow of Princeton University, have charted an overall decline in church attendance since the 1970s and attribute it to broader social and demographic trends, including the postponement of marriage and parenthood by growing numbers of young adults. 16

Aggregated data from Pew Research Center polls also are consistent with this argument, showing that among adults under 30, married people are more likely to have a religious affiliation than are unmarried people. On the other hand, an analysis of religious affiliation patterns by generation , previously published by the Pew Forum, suggests that Americans do not generally become more affiliated as they move through the life cycle from young adulthood through marriage, parenting, middle age and retirement. 17 Rather, the percentage of people in each generation who are religiously affiliated has remained stable, or decreased slightly, as that generation has aged.

Theory No. 3: Broad Social Disengagement

Yet another hypothesis loosely links the rise of the unaffiliated to what some observers contend has been a general decline in “social capital” – a tendency among Americans to live more separate lives and engage in fewer communal activities, famously summed up by Harvard’s Putnam as “bowling alone.” 18 In this view, the growth of the religious “nones” is just one manifestation of much broader social disengagement.

Pew Research Center surveys offer limited evidence along these lines. For example, a survey by the Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project found that the 40% of Americans who describe themselves as “active” in religious organizations – a higher bar than affiliation with a religious group – are more likely than other Americans to be involved in all types of volunteer and community groups, from sports leagues to arts groups, hobby clubs and alumni associations. 19 The new Pew Research Center/Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly survey also finds that religiously unaffiliated Americans are less inclined than Americans as a whole to feel that it is very important to belong to “a community of people who share your values and beliefs” (28% of the unaffiliated say this is very important to them, compared with 49% of the general public).

Theory No. 4: Secularization

The rise of the unaffiliated in the U.S. also has helped to breathe new life into theories that link economic development with secularization around the globe. Back in the 1960s, when secularization theories first achieved high visibility, they were sometimes accompanied by predictions that religion would wither away in the United States by the 21st century. 20 The theories propounded by social scientists today tend to be more subtle – contending, for example, that societies in which people feel constant threats to their health and well-being are more religious, while religious beliefs and practices tend to be less strong in places where “existential security” is greater. 21 In this view, gradual secularization is to be expected in a generally healthy, wealthy, orderly society.

Surveys conducted by the Pew Forum and the Pew Research Center’s Global Attitudes Project have asked people in many countries about the importance of religion in their lives, how often they pray and whether they think it is necessary to believe in God to be a moral person. Throughout much of the world, there is an association between these measures of religiosity and a country’s national wealth: Publics in countries with a high gross domestic product (per capita) tend to be less religious, while publics in countries with a low GDP tend to be more religious. But as Pew Global Attitudes noted in a 2007 report, Americans are a major exception to the rule, because the U.S. has both high GDP per capita and high levels of religious commitment. 22 Nonetheless, some theorists view the rise of the unaffiliated as a sign that secularization is advancing in America. 23

3 Pew Research Center calculations based on the U.S. Census Bureau’s August 2012 Current Population Survey, which estimates there are 234,787,000 adults in the U.S. (return to text)

4 The term “nones” is often used to describe people who indicate in surveys that they have no religion or do not belong to any particular religion.  See, for example, Kosmin, Barry A. and Ariela Keysar, with Ryan Cragun and Juhem Navarro-Rivera. 2009. “American Nones: The Profile of the No Religion Population, A Report Based on the American Religious Identification Survey 2008.” Trinity College, http://commons.trincoll.edu/aris/files/2011/08/NONES_08.pdf . See also Smith, Tom W. 2007. “Counting Religious Nones and Other Religious Measurement Issues: A Comparison of the Baylor Religion Survey and General Social Survey.” GSS Methodological Report No. 110. http://publicdata.norc.org:41000/gss/documents/MTRT/MR110-Counting-Religious-Nones-and-Other-Religious-Measurement-Issues.pdf . (return to text)

5 Evangelical Protestants are defined here as Protestants who say yes when asked, “Would you describe yourself as a born-again or evangelical Christian, or not?” Protestants who do not answer this question affirmatively are categorized here as mainline Protestants. Other research that sorts Protestants into evangelical and mainline categories based on denominational affiliation (e.g., Southern Baptist, United Methodist, etc.) finds that the long-term decline in American Protestantism is concentrated primarily among the Protestant mainline. See, for example, Chaves, Mark. 2011. “American Religion: Contemporary Trends.” Princeton University Press, pages 81-93. (return to text)

6 Notwithstanding the rise of the “nones,” some historical studies find that the portion of the U.S. population that is “churched” – i.e., that belongs to a parish or congregation – has increased dramatically over the nation’s history. Roger Finke and Rodney Stark have estimated, for example, that just 17% of Americans belonged to religious congregations in 1776, compared with about 62% in 1980. However, the historical figures pre-date the modern era of polling and are based instead on various kinds of church records; they are estimates of congregational membership, not self-identification or affiliation with a religious group. See Finke, Roger and Rodney Stark. 1992. “The Churching of America, 1776-1990: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy.” Rutgers University Press, pages 15-16. (return to text)

7 For more information on recent changes within American Catholicism, including the impact of religious switching and immigration, see the Pew Forum’s “U.S. Religious Landscape Survey,” conducted in 2007 and published in 2008, http://religions.pewresearch.org/religion/reports . See also the Pew Forum’s April 2007 report “Changing Faiths: Latinos and the Transformation of American Religion,” https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/Changing-Faiths-Latinos-and-the-Transformation-of-American-Religion.aspx . (return to text)

8 See the November 2007 report by the Pew Research Center’s Global Attitudes Project “The American-Western European Values Gap: American Exceptionalism Subsides,” https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2011/11/17/the-american-western-european-values-gap/ . (return to text)

9 See Gallup. July 8, 2011. “In U.S., 3 in 10 Say They Take the Bible Literally.” http://www.gallup.com/poll/148427/say-bible-literally.aspx . (return to text)

10 See Chaves, Mark. 2011. “American Religion: Contemporary Trends.” Princeton University Press, pages 14, 50-51. (return to text)

11 Studies have found that some survey respondents switch back and forth between describing themselves as affiliated and unaffiliated. Researchers call such people “liminals” because they seem to straddle the threshold of a religious tradition, partly in and partly out. In a 2006 survey and follow-up interviews in 2007, Robert Putnam and David Campbell found that roughly 10% of the members of each major religious tradition can be considered liminals. Moreover, they found that although the liminals’ nominal affiliation changed (in either direction) from one year to the next, their self-reported religious beliefs and practices remained largely the same. This may be seen as further evidence that the rise in the number of unaffiliated Americans is not just a reflection of changes in religious behavior. The way that some people think about and describe their religious identity also is in flux. See Putnam, Robert D. and David E. Campbell. 2010. “American Grace: How Religion Divides and Unites Us,” Simon & Schuster, pages 135-136. See also Lim, Chaeyoon, Carol Ann MacGregor and Robert D. Putnam. 2010. “Secular and Liminal: Discovering Heterogeneity Among Religious Nones.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, vol. 49, no. 4: 596-618. (return to text)

12 Nevertheless, there is substantial switching from unaffiliated to affiliated. In the current survey, four-in-ten adults who say they were raised unaffiliated now identify themselves as religiously affiliated. For a comprehensive analysis of patterns in religious switching and the reasons people give for switching, see the Pew Forum’s “U.S. Religious Landscape Survey,” conducted in 2007 and published in 2008, http://religions.pewresearch.org/religion/reports . Also see the Pew Forum’s April 2009 report “Faith in Flux,” https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/Faith-in-Flux.aspx . (return to text)

13 Hout, Michael and Claude S. Fischer. 2002. “Why More Americans Have No Religious Preference: Politics and Generations.” American Sociological Review, vol. 67: 165-190. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3088891 . (return to text)

14 Putnam, Robert D. and David E. Campbell. 2010. “American Grace: How Religion Divides and Unites Us.” Simon & Schuster, pages 120-121. (return to text)

15 See the Pew Research Center’s July 2012 report “ Little Voter Discomfort with Romney’s Mormon Religion: Only About Half Identify Obama as Christian .” Also see the Pew Research Center’s March 2012 report “More See ‘Too Much’ Religious Talk by Politicians: Santorum Voters Disagree,” https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/Politics-and-Elections/more-see-too-much-religious-talk-by-politicians.aspx . (return to text)

16 Wuthnow, Robert. 2007. “After the Baby Boomers: How Twenty- and Thirty-Somethings Are Shaping the Future of American Religion.” Princeton University Press, pages 51-70. (return to text)

17 By contrast, some measures of religious commitment – such as frequency of prayer and the degree of importance that people assign to religion in their lives – do tend to rise with age. See the Pew Forum’s February 2010 report “Religion Among the Millennials,” https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/Age/Religion-Among-the-Millennials.aspx . (return to text)

18 Putnam, Robert D. 2000. “Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community.” Simon & Schuster. In “American Grace,” Putnam and Campbell also consider changing moral and social beliefs to be part of the mix. “American Grace,” page 127. (return to text)

19 See the December 2011 report by the Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project “The civic and community engagement of religiously active Americans,” http://pewresearch.org/internet/Reports/2011/Social-side-of-religious/Overview.aspx . (return to text)

20 See, for example, The New York Times. 1968. “A Bleak Outlook is Seen for Religion.” Feb. 25, page 3. The article quotes sociologist Peter L. Berger predicting that by the 21st century, traditional religions would survive only in “small enclaves and pockets.” Berger has since renounced his earlier position. (return to text)

21 See Norris, Pippa and Ronald Inglehart. 2004. “Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide.” Cambridge University Press, pages 216-217. They argue that “Societies where people’s daily lives are shaped by the threat of poverty, disease and premature death remain as religious today as centuries earlier. These same societies are also experiencing rapid population growth. In rich nations, by contrast, the evidence demonstrates that secularization has been proceeding since at least the mid-twentieth century (and probably earlier) – but at the same time fertility rates have fallen sharply, so that in recent years population growth has stagnated and their total population is starting to shrink. The result of these combined trends is that rich societies are becoming more secular but the world as a whole is becoming more religious. ” Italics in original. Ibid, pages 216-217. (return to text)

22 See the 2007 report by the Pew Research Center’s Global Attitudes Project “World Publics Welcome Global Trade — But Not Immigration,” https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2007/10/04/world-publics-welcome-global-trade-but-not-immigration/ . (return to text)

23 Norris and Inglehart, Ibid, pages 89-95. They offer a number of possible explanations for America’s exceptional religiosity – asserting, in particular, that economic inequality and the perception of a porous social welfare net leave Americans feeling “greater anxieties” than citizens in other advanced industrial countries. They also mention “the fact that the United States was founded by religious refugees” and the continuing arrival of new immigrants who bring “relatively strong religiosity with them.” Ibid, pages 107-108 and 225-226. (return to text)

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Table of contents, more white americans adopted than shed evangelical label during trump presidency, especially his supporters, pastors often discussed election, pandemic and racism in fall of 2020, white christians continue to favor trump over biden, but support has slipped, 8 facts about catholics and politics in the u.s., about a third in u.s. see god’s hand in presidential elections, but fewer say god picks winners based on policies, most popular.

About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts .

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  • Noncovered Securities
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  • Personal Finance

Noncovered Security: Definition, Reporting Rules, vs. Covered

Julia Kagan is a financial/consumer journalist and former senior editor, personal finance, of Investopedia.

the meaning of none reported

What Is a Noncovered Security?

A noncovered security is a designation given by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) which means a brokerage is not required to report the cost basis of that security to the IRS. The adjusted cost basis of non-covered securities is only reported to the taxpayer, not to the IRS. Noncovered securities are generally small and limited in scope.

However, the income from the sale of a noncovered security may still be taxable, in which case the taxpayer would need to report it to the IRS on their tax return.

Key Takeaways

  • A noncovered security is an SEC designation under which the cost basis of securities that are small and of limited scope may not be reported to the IRS
  • An investment security bought in 2011 but transferred in the same year to a DRIP that uses the average cost method of calculating the cost basis is a noncovered security. 
  • Stocks are considered noncovered if sold by foreign intermediaries and foreigners (i.e., individuals absent from the country for at least 183 days of the calendar year).
  • Investment sales are also divided into covered and noncovered securities using Form 8949.

What Is a Covered Security?

In 2008, Congress passed legislation which required brokers to report the adjusted cost basis for securities and mutual funds to both the investors and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), effective tax year 2011. Since 2011, the cost basis of certain securities has been reported through Form 1099-B which indicates whether the capital loss or gain from the sale of the security is short or long term. Any transaction that occurs on or after this effective year is a covered security and is reported on Form 1099-B. A covered security is defined as:

  • Any stock in a corporation, including American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) , acquired on or after Jan. 1, 2011
  • Mutual funds acquired on or after January 1, 2012
  • Stocks or ADRs acquired through a dividend reinvestment plan (DRIP) on or after Jan. 1, 2012
  • Less complex bonds, derivatives , and options purchased on or after Jan. 1, 2014
  • More complex bonds, derivatives, and options purchased on or after Jan. 1, 2016

Understanding Non-Covered Security

Non-covered securities refer to any investments purchased before the effective dates listed above. The detailed cost basis following the sale of a non-covered security is not required to be reported to the IRS by a broker. However, the gross proceeds or redemption value from a sale may still be reported to the IRS.

While a broker will still report the cost basis to the investor or taxpayer, it is up to the investor to report this information to the IRS through Schedule D on Form 1040 for any shares sold, whether covered or non-covered. Even if the taxpayer does not receive a cost basis report, they must still report their adjusted cost basis to the IRS.

The IRS considers securities noncovered if they are acquired through a corporate action and if their cost basis is derived from other noncovered securities.

Types of Noncovered Securities

Corporate actions, such as stock splits , stock dividends , and redemptions, usually result in additional shares for the investor. The additional shares will be classified as noncovered if they were received through noncovered shares.

For example, an individual who bought 100 shares in a company in 2010 that split three-for-one in 2013 will receive an additional 200 shares. Even though the 200 shares were acquired after 2011, they are considered non-covered because they were split from shares acquired before 2011.

A dividend reinvestment plan (DRIP) allows an investor to reinvest his dividends for additional shares in the same company. An investment security that was purchased in 2011 but transferred in the same year to a DRIP that uses the average cost method of calculating the cost basis for an asset is a non-covered security. But if the transfer occurred after 2011, it will remain a covered security.

Investment sales are divided into covered and non-covered securities using Form 8949. Transactions on non-covered securities not reported on Form 1099-B are reported on Form 8949 where Code C (box C checked) is used for short-term holdings, and Code F (box F checked) for long-term holdings.

What Is Cost Basis for an Investment?

Cost basis is the original purchase price for an asset, and it is used to calculate the profit or loss that a taxpayer gets from selling that asset. For investments, the cost basis of a security may be adjusted due to stock splits, dividends, and other corporate actions.

Do I Have to Report Cost Basis for Noncovered Securities on My Taxes?

When a security is noncovered, this means a brokerage doesn't have to report its cost basis directly to the IRS. However, a taxpayer must still report it to the IRS when calculating the profit or loss on the sale of that security for their income taxes. Failure to do so could result in penalties.

What If I Don't Know the Cost Basis for a Stock I Sold?

The brokerage that you used to purchase the stock should have records of the sale, even if you didn't keep those records yourself. You should be able to find them through the brokerage website or by calling the company directly.

A noncovered security is an SEC designation indicating that a broker does not have to report the cost basis of that security to the IRS. This is generally for smaller securities. Securities created from noncovered securities, such as stock splits or DRIP accounts, remain noncovered.

The brokerage still reports the cost basis to the taxpayer, and if the taxpayer sells the security, the basis and any gains or losses must be reported to the IRS on IRS Form 1040, Schedule D. IRS Form 8949 is also used to report investment sales of both covered and noncovered securities.

U.S. Congress. " H.R.1424 — 110th Congress (2007-2008), Public Law 110–343 ," Pages 91-92.

Internal Revenue Service. " Instructions for Form 1099-B, Proceeds From Broker and Barter Exchange Transactions ," Pages 8-9.

Internal Revenue Service. " Instructions for Form 1099-B, Proceeds From Broker and Barter Exchange Transactions ," Page 9.

Internal Revenue Service. " Instructions for Schedule D, Capital Gains and Losses ," Pages 1-2.

Internal Revenue Service. " Instructions for Form 8949, Sales and Other Dispositions of Capital Assets ," Pages 6-7.

Internal Revenue Service. " Instructions for Form 8949, Sales and Other Dispositions of Capital Assets ," Page 3.

Internal Revenue Service. " Publication 550, Investment Income and Expenses (Including Capital Gains and Losses) ," Pages 39-40.

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  • What Is Nonresponse Bias? | Definition & Example

What Is Nonresponse Bias?| Definition & Example

Published on November 9, 2022 by Kassiani Nikolopoulou . Revised on December 5, 2022.

Nonresponse bias happens when those unwilling or unable to take part in a research study are different from those who do.

In other words, this bias occurs when respondents and nonrespondents categorically differ in ways that impact the research. As a result, the sample is no longer representative of the population as a whole.

Table of contents

What is nonresponse bias, why is nonresponse bias a problem, nonresponse bias example, how to minimize nonresponse bias, other types of research bias, frequently asked questions.

Nonresponse bias can occur when individuals who refuse to take part in a study, or who drop out before the study is completed, are systematically different from those who participate fully. Nonresponse prevents the researcher from collecting data for all units in the sample. It is a common source of error, particularly in survey research .

Causes of nonresponse include:

  • Poor survey design or errors in data collection
  • Wrong target audience (e.g., asking residents of an elderly home about participation in extreme sports)
  • Asking questions likely to be skipped (e.g., sensitive questions about drugs, sexual behavior, or infidelity)
  • Inability to contact potential respondents (e.g., when your sample includes individuals who don’t have a steady home address)
  • Conducting multiple waves of data collection (e.g., asking the same respondents to fill in the same survey at different points in time)
  • Not taking into account linguistic or technical difficulties (e.g., a language barrier)

Types of nonresponse

Usually, a distinction is made between two types of nonresponse:

  • Unit nonresponse encompasses instances where all data for a sampled unit is missing—i.e., a number of respondents didn’t complete the survey at all ( missing data ).
  • Item nonresponse occurs where only part of the data could not be obtained—i.e., a number of respondents selectively skipped the same survey question.

It is important to keep in mind that nonresponse bias is always associated with a specific variable (like manager workload in the previous example). Respondents and nonrespondents differ with respect to that variable (workload) specifically.

Because managers’ decision to participate or not in the survey relates to their workload, the data is not randomized, leading respondents and nonrespondents to differ in a way that is significant to the research.

Components of nonresponse

Nonresponse bias consists of two components:

  • Nonresponse rate
  • Differences between respondents and nonrespondents

The extent of bias depends on both the nonresponse rate and the extent to which nonrespondents differ from respondents on the variable(s) of interest. This means that a high level of nonresponse alone does not necessarily lead to research bias , as nonresponse can also be due to random error .

Does this mean that nonresponse bias is present in your research?

It may, but only if:

  • The individuals who missed the survey share a common characteristic that differentiates them from those who did receive the survey and filled it in

         and

  • This common characteristic is directly relevant to your research question

If nonrespondents missed your email due to poor computer skills, then this makes them a distinct group in terms of a unifying characteristic (i.e., poor computer skills). This skill is relevant to your research (information literacy).

Response rate and nonresponse bias

The response rate , or the percentage of sampled units who filled in a survey, can indicate the amount of nonresponse present in your data. For example, a survey with a 70% response rate has a 30% nonresponse rate.

The response rate is often used to estimate the magnitude of nonresponse bias. The assumption is that the higher the response rate , the lower the nonresponse bias .

However, keep in mind that a low response rate (or high nonresponse rate ) is only an indication of the potential for nonresponse bias. Nonresponse bias may be low even when the response rate is low, provided that the nonresponse is random. This occurs when the differences between respondents and nonrespondents on that particular variable are minor.

Nonresponse bias can lead to several issues:

  • Because the obtained sample size doesn’t correspond to the intended sample size, nonresponse bias increases sampling error.
  • Results are not representative of the target population, as respondents are systematically different from nonrespondents.
  • Researchers must devise more elaborate or time-intensive data collection procedures to achieve the requisite response rate and sample size. This, in turn, increases the cost of research.

Nonresponse bias is a common source of bias in research , especially in studies related to health.

Unfortunately, nonresponse is higher among people with heart disease, leading to an underestimation of the association between smoking and heart disease. This is a common problem in health surveys.

Studies generally show that respondents report better health outcomes and more positive health-related behaviors than nonrespondents. They often report lower alcohol consumption, less risky sexual behavior, more physical activity, etc.

It’s possible to minimize nonresponse by designing the survey in a way that obtains the highest possible response rate. There are several steps you can take that will help you in that direction:

During data collection

  • During data analysis  

To minimize nonresponse bias during data collection, first try to identify individuals in the sample that are less likely to participate in your survey. These could be individuals who are hard to reach or hard to motivate.

It’s a good idea to prepare strategies that may incentivize their cooperation. Some ideas could include:

  • Offering incentives , monetary or otherwise (e.g., gifts, donations, raffles). Incentives motivate respondents and make them feel that the survey is worth their time.
  • Considering how you contact sample units and what is best suited to your research. Before you launch your survey, think about the total number of contacts you need to have, the timing of the first contact, the interval between contacts, etc. For example, personal contact through face-to-face survey interviews generally increases response rates but may not work for all potential respondents.
  • Ensuring respondents’ anonymity and providing ethical considerations . Surveys that require personal or sensitive information should include instructions that make respondents feel at ease, reassuring them that their answers will be kept strictly confidential.
  • Keeping your data collection flexible . Consider using multiple modes of data collection, such as online and offline. If data collection is done in person, participants should be able to schedule the appointment whenever convenient for them.
  • Sending reminders . Sending a few reminder emails during your data collection period is an effective way to gather more responses. For example, you can send your first reminder halfway through the data collection period and a second near the end.
  • Making participation mandatory instead of voluntary whenever possible. For example, asking students to fill in a survey during class time is more effective than inviting them to fill it in via a letter sent to their home address.

During data analysis

During data analysis, the goal is to identify the magnitude of nonresponse bias. Luckily, the nonresponse rate is easy to estimate. However, identifying whether the difference between respondents and nonrespondents is due to a particular characteristic is not so easy.

There are a number of ways you can approach this problem, including:

  • Comparing early respondents to late respondents . Later respondents can often resemble nonrespondents in terms of unifying characteristics. In this way, you can infer the characteristics of nonrespondents.
  • Using information that is already available for the entire survey sample (respondents and nonrespondents). Relevant information may already be included in the sampling frame itself—for example, sociodemographic characteristics like age or gender, employment data, or information about the duration of membership in the case of a survey of members of a club or sports team. The prerequisite here is that the collected information is related to the survey variables of interest and can be linked to participation behavior.
  • Using follow-up surveys to collect at least some key variables, either from all nonrespondents or from a randomly selected sample of them. The drawback here is the additional cost of the survey.

Cognitive bias

  • Confirmation bias
  • Baader–Meinhof phenomenon

Selection bias

  • Sampling bias
  • Ascertainment bias
  • Attrition bias
  • Self-selection bias
  • Survivorship bias
  • Nonresponse bias
  • Undercoverage bias
  • Hawthorne effect
  • Observer bias
  • Omitted variable bias
  • Publication bias
  • Pygmalion effect
  • Recall bias
  • Social desirability bias
  • Placebo effect

Response bias is a general term used to describe a number of different conditions or factors that cue respondents to provide inaccurate or false answers during surveys or interviews. These factors range from the interviewer’s perceived social position or appearance to the the phrasing of questions in surveys.

Nonresponse bias occurs when the people who complete a survey are different from those who did not, in ways that are relevant to the research topic. Nonresponse can happen because people are either not willing or not able to participate.

Nonresponse bias occurs when those who opt out of a survey are systematically different from those who complete it, in ways that are significant for the research study.

Because of this, the obtained sample is not what the researchers aimed for and is not representative of the population. This is a problem, as it can invalidate the results.

Common types of selection bias are:

  • Sampling bias or ascertainment bias
  • Volunteer or self-selection bias

Sources in this article

We strongly encourage students to use sources in their work. You can cite our article (APA Style) or take a deep dive into the articles below.

Nikolopoulou, K. (2022, December 05). What Is Nonresponse Bias?| Definition & Example. Scribbr. Retrieved February 15, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/research-bias/nonresponse-bias/
Bose, Jonaki. (2001). Nonresponse bias analyses at the national center for education statistics.
Koch, A., & Blohm, M. (2016). Nonresponse Bias. GESIS Survey Guidelines. Mannheim, Germany: GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences. doi: 10.15465/gesis-sg_en_004

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Is “None” Singular or Plural?

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None may be either singular or plural, depending on whether you mean “not one” or “not any.” To negate a reference for individual people or things, use a singular verb; for an entire group, use a plural verb.

  • Singular: None of them is ready. to refer to each of them Plural: None of them are ready. to refer to all of them
  • Singular: None of us has the answer. to emphasize that not one of them has the answer Plural: None of us have the answer. to emphasize that the entire group doesn’t have the answer
  • Singular: This action requires a network key; none is available. not a single one available Plural: We need four specialists. None are available. not any available

When none means “no part of,” it is singular.

  • None of the food is / are ready.

Graphic titled "None 'Is' or 'Are'?" The left panel shows an illustration of students in a classroom. One of them is sleeping, while five others are reading or carrying books and discussing something. The right panel has the following examples with explanation. “None of us has the answer (no one among us),” “None of us have the answer (our entire group),” “None of them is ready (not a single person),” “None of them are ready (the entire group).”

None : Singular or plural?

The pronoun none may be either singular or plural , depending on the meaning and emphasis you wish to convey. It can mean “not one,” “ not any ,” or “no part of.”

  • Singular: None of us is interested in watching this movie. “not one” of us
  • Plural: None of the scientists know what happened. “not any” of the group
  • Singular: None of the report is written. “no part of” the report
  • Singular: None is above the law. “no one”
  • Plural: I just checked the status of these orders. None have been shipped yet. “not any”

It is sometimes thought that the word none , because it means “no one,” must be treated as singular. But as we have seen, none does not just mean “no one,” but also “not any.” In this second meaning, it can be used with plural verbs like are and have .

None as singular

When none means “not one,” “no one,” or “no person,” it takes singular verbs like is and has .

  • None of us is perfect. no one among us
  • None of the answers is correct. not one of the answers
  • You need to speak with one of our specialists. Unfortunately, none is available until May. not a single one
  • None of them has the answer.
  • None of the solutions we offered works .
  • None of these shirts fits me.
  • None of my friends is here.

None can also be used with singular nouns to mean “no part of.”

  • None of my work is finished. no part of my work
  • None of what he says is true. no part of what he says
  • None of the packing is done.

None as plural

None is used with plural verbs like are and have when it means “not any.” It then conveys a sense of the plural and refers to the group as a whole.

  • None of the actors are ready for the performance. not any of the actors
  • I put all my old books up for auction: none have sold.
  • None of us have our lines.

Some people believe that the only meaning of none is “no one” and that the word cannot be used with plural verbs. This understanding is incorrect. In fact, when followed by a plural noun, none is often used with a plural verb ( None of us are ready ).

Differences in meaning

When none is followed by a plural form (e.g., none of the students , none of us , none of them ), plural verbs like are and have are the more natural choice. Use a plural verb to mark plurality and refer to more than one person.

  • None of us are at work yet. “Not any” of us, referring to the entire team. We could also say, “None of us is at work.” This would emphasize that “no single person” is at work yet.
  • None of her stories are true.
  • None of them know how to use this application.

But when you want to emphasize the individuals in the group, use singular verbs like is and has .

  • None of us is wrong. nobody among us
  • None of the hotels is open. not one of the hotels
  • None of them knows how to use this application. no one knows

Using a singular verb like is when none is followed by a plural form ( none of the students is  . . . ) can sound overly formal in everyday speech, where the plural verb ( none of the students are  . . . ) is more common.

To mean “no part of,” always use the singular verb.

  • None of this is / are real.
  • None of the ceiling is / are painted yet, but the walls are done.

Examples from literature

Here are some examples from literature of none used with singular and plural verbs. Note how none can mean “not one” or “not any,” depending on context.

  • Plural: Some books are undeservedly forgotten; none are undeservedly remembered. — W.H. Auden , “Reading,” The Dyer’s Hand and Other Essays (1962)
  • Plural: None of our beliefs are quite true; all have at least a penumbra of vagueness and error. — Bertrand Russell , Free Thought and Official Propaganda (1922)
  • Plural: Where’s your common sense? None of those books agree with each other. — Ray Bradbury , Fahrenheit 451 (1953)
  • Singular: If one State may secede, so may another; and when all shall have seceded none is left to pay the debts. — Abraham Lincoln , Fourth of July Address to Congress (1861)
  • Singular: Later he told me other versions of it as though trying them for use in a novel, but none was as sad as this first one . . . — Ernest Hemingway , A Moveable Feast (1964)
  • Singular: None of us lives in the light  . . . — John Updike , In The Beauty of The Lilies (1996)
  • Singular: None of us is exempt from sin. — Margaret Atwood , The Testaments (2019)

Share this article

None can be used with both singular and plural verbs: it can mean “not one” or “not any.”

Although none can be singular or plural, with a singular noun (like crockery ), use singular verbs (like is , not are ).

When you want “none” to mean “no one” ( not a single friend ) use a singular verb like is with it.

When none refers to the group as a whole ( not any of the students ), it takes a plural verb like have .

the meaning of none reported

Create a form in Word that users can complete or print

In Word, you can create a form that others can fill out and save or print.  To do this, you will start with baseline content in a document, potentially via a form template.  Then you can add content controls for elements such as check boxes, text boxes, date pickers, and drop-down lists. Optionally, these content controls can be linked to database information.  Following are the recommended action steps in sequence.  

Show the Developer tab

In Word, be sure you have the Developer tab displayed in the ribbon.  (See how here:  Show the developer tab .)

Open a template or a blank document on which to base the form

You can start with a template or just start from scratch with a blank document.

Start with a form template

Go to File > New .

In the  Search for online templates  field, type  Forms or the kind of form you want. Then press Enter .

In the displayed results, right-click any item, then select  Create. 

Start with a blank document 

Select Blank document .

Add content to the form

Go to the  Developer  tab Controls section where you can choose controls to add to your document or form. Hover over any icon therein to see what control type it represents. The various control types are described below. You can set properties on a control once it has been inserted.

To delete a content control, right-click it, then select Remove content control  in the pop-up menu. 

Note:  You can print a form that was created via content controls. However, the boxes around the content controls will not print.

Insert a text control

The rich text content control enables users to format text (e.g., bold, italic) and type multiple paragraphs. To limit these capabilities, use the plain text content control . 

Click or tap where you want to insert the control.

Rich text control button

To learn about setting specific properties on these controls, see Set or change properties for content controls .

Insert a picture control

A picture control is most often used for templates, but you can also add a picture control to a form.

Picture control button

Insert a building block control

Use a building block control  when you want users to choose a specific block of text. These are helpful when you need to add different boilerplate text depending on the document's specific purpose. You can create rich text content controls for each version of the boilerplate text, and then use a building block control as the container for the rich text content controls.

building block gallery control

Select Developer and content controls for the building block.

Developer tab showing content controls

Insert a combo box or a drop-down list

In a combo box, users can select from a list of choices that you provide or they can type in their own information. In a drop-down list, users can only select from the list of choices.

combo box button

Select the content control, and then select Properties .

To create a list of choices, select Add under Drop-Down List Properties .

Type a choice in Display Name , such as Yes , No , or Maybe .

Repeat this step until all of the choices are in the drop-down list.

Fill in any other properties that you want.

Note:  If you select the Contents cannot be edited check box, users won’t be able to click a choice.

Insert a date picker

Click or tap where you want to insert the date picker control.

Date picker button

Insert a check box

Click or tap where you want to insert the check box control.

Check box button

Use the legacy form controls

Legacy form controls are for compatibility with older versions of Word and consist of legacy form and Active X controls.

Click or tap where you want to insert a legacy control.

Legacy control button

Select the Legacy Form control or Active X Control that you want to include.

Set or change properties for content controls

Each content control has properties that you can set or change. For example, the Date Picker control offers options for the format you want to use to display the date.

Select the content control that you want to change.

Go to Developer > Properties .

Controls Properties  button

Change the properties that you want.

Add protection to a form

If you want to limit how much others can edit or format a form, use the Restrict Editing command:

Open the form that you want to lock or protect.

Select Developer > Restrict Editing .

Restrict editing button

After selecting restrictions, select Yes, Start Enforcing Protection .

Restrict editing panel

Advanced Tip:

If you want to protect only parts of the document, separate the document into sections and only protect the sections you want.

To do this, choose Select Sections in the Restrict Editing panel. For more info on sections, see Insert a section break .

Sections selector on Resrict sections panel

If the developer tab isn't displayed in the ribbon, see Show the Developer tab .

Open a template or use a blank document

To create a form in Word that others can fill out, start with a template or document and add content controls. Content controls include things like check boxes, text boxes, and drop-down lists. If you’re familiar with databases, these content controls can even be linked to data.

Go to File > New from Template .

New from template option

In Search, type form .

Double-click the template you want to use.

Select File > Save As , and pick a location to save the form.

In Save As , type a file name and then select Save .

Start with a blank document

Go to File > New Document .

New document option

Go to File > Save As .

Go to Developer , and then choose the controls that you want to add to the document or form. To remove a content control, select the control and press Delete. You can set Options on controls once inserted. From Options, you can add entry and exit macros to run when users interact with the controls, as well as list items for combo boxes, .

Adding content controls to your form

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What the classified documents report could mean for Biden's bid for reelection

Domenico Montanaro - 2015

Domenico Montanaro

A report on President Biden's handling of classified documents is adding fuel to a political attack that he is not mentally fit for office. Here are takeaways from the special counsel's findings.

ARI SHAPIRO, HOST:

President Biden got a legal win and a political setback this week. A Justice Department special counsel found that while Biden may have mishandled classified documents after he left the vice presidency, he should not be charged. The report also took aim at a core vulnerability for Biden - his age. There's been a lot of fallout in the last day since the report came out, and NPR's Domenico Montanaro is here to bring us up to speed. Hey there.

DOMENICO MONTANARO, BYLINE: Hey.

SHAPIRO: How bad is this for Biden?

MONTANARO: Well, I mean, it's not good for him because it plays into a bigger existing narrative about his age and fitness for office. You know, polling shows age is a bigger issue for Biden than for former President Trump, even though they're pretty close in age. An NBC poll out this week found that three-quarters of Americans have concerns about Biden's age and ability to do the job, as opposed to just half who said the same about Trump despite, again, the fact that Trump also makes these kinds of missteps. And he's also only four years younger. You know, he said that - he's confused Nikki Haley with Nancy Pelosi. He mixed up President Obama with President Biden multiple times. He's confused Sioux City, Iowa, for Sioux Falls, S.D.

But because Biden's age is a bigger factor in people's minds, it plays into this broader narrative about whether he's up for the job. Fundamentally, though, I mean, I have to say I don't think this really changes a whole lot about this election. I think the frame is still which weighs out here - concerns about Biden's age or this very strong dislike for Trump, which is very real, that we've seen and helped Biden get elected in the first place.

SHAPIRO: Well, what's the White House said in the last day to try to help counter this?

MONTANARO: Well, Biden's lawyers call the insinuations of memory loss, quote, "gratuitous and inappropriate." They say that those descriptions don't belong in a report that ultimately cleared Biden of charges. You know, they have also emphasized that Biden fully cooperated with the investigation. Here was White House spokesman Ian Sams today.

(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)

IAN SAMS: I think the public is smart, and I think that they can see what's going on. I think that they see a president who fully cooperated. I think they see a president who did the right thing and made sure everything got back. And I think that they see that this was a long investigation that ended without a case to be made.

MONTANARO: Yeah. And in addition to Sams, Vice President Kamala Harris is out there today. She's also a former prosecutor. She was asked about this at the white House and blasted the language in the report, too.

VICE PRESIDENT KAMALA HARRIS: The way that the president's demeanor in that report was characterized could not be more wrong on the facts and clearly politically motivated, gratuitous.

MONTANARO: So she defended the Biden that she sees behind the scenes. But a lot of this was really clean-up after Biden himself held a press conference last night, and he wound up stepping on his message, playing into the very thing that he was trying to refute - these questions about his age - when he mixed up Mexico and Egypt, for example. You know, that detracted from the message that he was trying to get across - his anger about this prosecutor, mentioning his son Beau and trying to get into the substance of what's happening with Israel and Gaza and how he believes Israel's response has been, quote, "over the top."

SHAPIRO: Put this into context for us because, as you mentioned, Trump is nearly as old as Biden, has also confused people's names and was actually criminally charged with mishandling classified documents. So how do the two situations compare? Why do you think this has stuck to Biden so much more than it has to Trump?

MONTANARO: I don't know that it stuck more to Biden than it has to Trump. I mean, certainly today we're talking about this. But, you know, half the country certainly or more has a very negative opinion of Trump and even higher than for Biden. It's just that, you know, you have Democrats who are willing to also talk about this as a potential problem for Biden because you have Democrats, too, who are saying that they think his age is an issue. When it comes to what Trump did versus what Biden did, though, as even the special counsel, Robert Hur, said, after being given multiple chances to return classified documents and avoid prosecution, Mr. Trump allegedly did the opposite, which is unlike what Biden did. The bottom line here is Trump probably wouldn't have been charged either had he just given the stuff back.

SHAPIRO: NPR's Domenico Montanaro. Thank you.

MONTANARO: You're welcome.

Copyright © 2024 NPR. All rights reserved. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information.

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Form 1099-K FAQs: What to do if you receive a Form 1099-K

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Find answers to frequently asked questions (FAQs) about what to do if you receive a Form 1099-K.

Back to Form 1099 FAQs

Updated and new FAQs were released to the public in Fact Sheet 2024-03 PDF , Feb. 6, 2024.

On Nov. 21, 2023, in Notice 2023-74,  the IRS announced that calendar year 2023 would be a transition year for third party settlement organizations (TPSOs). TPSOs, which include popular payment apps and online marketplaces, must file with the IRS and provide taxpayers a Form 1099-K that reports payments for goods or services where gross payments exceed $20,000 and there are more than 200 transactions during the calendar year.

What to do if you receive a Form 1099-K FAQs

Q1. what do i do if i get a form 1099-k (added feb. 6, 2024).

A1. You can use the Form 1099-K with your other tax records when it’s time to file your return. The Form 1099-K may include a combination of different kinds of total payments received.

The types of payments received determines where these payments are reported on your tax return and if you have a tax liability. For example, if you are getting paid as a ride share driver, you could report the payments as income on your Form 1040, Schedule C, Profit or Loss from Business (Sole Proprietorship) PDF . 

You will need to review the forms, determine if the amount is correct, and determine any deductible expenses using your tax records when you file your return because the Form 1099-K reports only gross payments.

The links below can help you determine proper reporting:

  • If you sold a personal item
  • If you sold goods, rented property or provided services

Q2. Are all the payments reported on my Form 1099-K taxable? (added Feb. 6, 2024)

A2. Not necessarily. Just because a payment is reported on a Form 1099-K does not mean it is taxable. Also, just because a payment is not reported on a Form 1099-K does not mean it is not taxable. How you report Form 1099-K payment amounts on your tax return depends on the type of payments you received. More information is available to help taxpayers determine what their tax obligations are in connection with their Form 1099-K at Understanding your Form 1099-K :

  • If you sold a used personal item

For example, a taxpayer who sells a used personal item for less than they paid for it may receive a Form 1099-K, but the sale proceeds do not increase their taxable income because they didn’t make a profit, or gain. The IRS has guidance for how taxpayers can report this kind of payment on their tax returns.

Whether you are in the trade or business of selling/renting property or providing services may determine the amount of the proceeds that are taxable. See Publication 535, Business Expenses PDF .

  • If you received a gift or received a reimbursement for a shared cost

Payments of gifts and reimbursements for shared costs are not payments for goods or services and therefore are not reportable on Form 1099-K.

Q3. Who should I call if I have a question about my Form 1099-K? (updated Feb. 6, 2024)

A3 . You should contact the filer of the Form 1099-K. The contact information is generally in the upper left corner of the form. If a taxpayer does not recognize the filer shown in the upper left corner of the form, they should contact the payment settlement entity whose name and phone number are shown in the lower left corner of the form above their account number.

If you have general questions about the Form 1099-K, please consult the Instructions for Form 1099-K PDF . If you have general questions about information returns, please consult the General Instructions for Certain Information Returns .

Q4. What should I do if my Form 1099-K is incorrect? (updated Feb. 6, 2024)

A4. If you believe the information on your Form 1099-K is incorrect, was issued in error, or you have a question relating to the form, contact the filer, whose name and contact information appears in the upper left corner on the form. If necessary, request a corrected Form 1099-K from the filer.

You may also contact the payment settlement entity (PSE) whose name and phone number are shown on the lower left corner of the form.

Keep a copy of the corrected Form 1099-K with your records, along with any correspondence you have with the filer or the PSE.

Don't contact the IRS. We can't correct your Form 1099-K.

If you can't get a corrected Form 1099-K , don’t wait to file your return. You can zero out the error when you file your return.

Report the amount on  Schedule 1 (Form 1040), Additional Income and Adjustments to Income PDF .

Example: You receive a Form 1099-K for $11,000 your roommate sent you for their share of rent for the year.

Because the $11,000 is a reimbursement for your roommate’s share of rent, that amount is not taxable income to you because it is not income.

On Schedule 1 (Form 1040):

  • Enter the error on Part I – Line 8z – Other income: "Form 1099-K received in error, $11,000"
  • Adjust it on Part II – Line 24z – Other adjustments: "Form 1099-K received in error, $11,000"

These 2 entries note the error and result in a $0 net effect on your adjusted gross income (AGI).

Q5. I’m living abroad and received a Form 1099-K. Am I required to report the amount included on it? (added Feb. 6, 2024)

A5 . If you are a U.S. citizen or resident alien, the rules for filing income tax returns and making estimated tax payments are generally the same whether you are in the United States or abroad. You are generally subject to tax on worldwide income from all sources and must report all taxable income and pay taxes according to the Internal Revenue Code.

For further details, see Publication 54, Tax Guide for U.S. Citizens and Resident Aliens Abroad PDF .

It’s important to note that you must report all income on your tax return that you received during the year, regardless of whether you receive a Form 1099-K.

Q6. I sold a personal item and the gross payment amount is reported on Form 1099-K. How do I determine my taxable income? (updated Feb. 6, 2024)

A6 . The gross payment amounts received on the sale of a personal item (that is, an item that you own for personal use) might be required to be reported on a Form 1099-K. If you receive a Form 1099-K for the sale of a personal item, the information on the form will help you determine your gain or loss. Gain or loss on the sale of a personal item is generally the difference between the amount you paid for the item (the purchase price) and the amount you received when you sold it (the sales price).

For example, if you bought a refrigerator for $1,000 (the purchase price) and sold it for $700 (the sales price), you have a loss of $300. $700 sales price - $1,000 purchase price = $300 loss amount.

On the other hand, if you bought concert tickets for $500 (the purchase price) and sold them for $900 (the sales price), you have a gain of $400. $900 sales price - $500 purchase price = $400 gain amount.

The gain on the sale of a personal item is taxable. You must report the transaction (gain on sale) on Form 8949, Sales and Other Dispositions of Capital Assets PDF , and Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return, Schedule D, Capital Gains and Losses PDF . See Publication 551, Basis of Assets, PDF for guidance in determining your basis.

The loss on the sale of a personal item is not deductible. For 2022 and 2023 tax returns, if you receive a Form 1099- K for the sale of a personal item that resulted in a loss, you should make offsetting entries on Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return, Schedule 1, Additional Income and Adjustments to Income, as follows:

Report your proceeds (the Form 1099-K amount) on Part I – Line 8z – Other Income , using the description “Form 1099-K Personal Item Sold at a Loss.”

Report your costs, up to but not more than the proceeds amount (the Form 1099-K amount), on Part II – Line 24z – Other Adjustments, using the description “Form 1099-K Personal Item Sold at a Loss.”

In the example of the refrigerator sale above, if you received a Form 1099-K for $700 for the refrigerator for which you originally paid $1,000, you should report the loss transaction as follows:

Form 1040, Schedule 1, Part I – Line 8z, Other Income . List type and amount: “Form 1099-K Personal Item Sold at a Loss….

$700” to show the proceeds from the sale reported on the Form 1099-K

Form 1040, Schedule 1, Part II – Line 24z, Other Adjustments . List type and amount: “Form 1099-K Personal Item Sold at a Loss…. $700” to show the amount of the purchase price that offsets the reported proceeds. Do not report the $1,000 you paid for the refrigerator because the loss on the sale of a personal item is not deductible.

You can use Form 8949 and Schedule D to report the sale of a personal item at a loss instead of Schedule 1 if, for example, you have other transactions that require you to file Form 8949 and Schedule D anyway. Because the loss isn’t deductible, enter an adjustment when reporting the proceeds and basis of the personal item on Form 8949 as follows. Enter “L” in column (f) as the code explaining the loss is nondeductible. Then enter the amount of the nondeductible loss as a positive number in column (g). In the example of the refrigerator sale above, enter $700 in column (d) for the proceeds, $1,000 in column (e) for the cost or other basis, “L” in column (f), and $300 in column (g) as the amount of the adjustment. This will result in $0 as the gain or loss in column (h).

Q7. I received a Form 1099-K for selling a personal item, but I don’t remember what I originally paid for it. (added Feb. 6, 2024)

A7 . A personal item is something you owned for personal use such as a car, refrigerator, furniture, stereo, jewelry, silverware, or concert tickets, etc.

If you do not remember the original purchase price, or basis, of the item sold, you can attempt to find or estimate it a few different ways.

You can contact the bank or credit card company used to purchase the item for copies of old statements.

You can contact the company or individual who sold the item to you. They may have records of the sale or other information to help determine the cost.

For more information on how to establish this basis, go to IRS.gov: Publication 551, Basis of Assets PDF

Generally, you should keep accurate records for personal items you may sell. If your records are lost, destroyed, or are not available due to circumstances beyond your control and your return is audited, examiners may allow you to present reconstructed records. Additionally, examiners may accept oral testimony when records do not exist.

Q8. How does a payment app or online marketplace know if I receive payments for goods or services versus money from friends and family? (added Feb. 6, 2024)

A8 . Each payment app or online marketplace has its own processes to determine the nature of payments, and you should review the policies of any apps or online marketplaces you use. Be sure to keep track of what you’ve been paid for goods and what you’ve been paid for services.

It’s important to ensure any money you send or receive is designated properly to avoid an erroneous Form 1099-K. This will help when it’s time to file your return.

Q9. Why did the ticket sale app or online marketplace ask for my social security number? (added Feb. 6, 2024)

A9 . Many third-party ticket sales apps or online marketplaces track a person’s gross sales of tickets and will report the gross sales to the IRS and send the payment information to the payee on a Form 1099-K. Your social security number needs to be reported on the Form 1099-K. Failure to provide your social security number to the ticket sale app or online marketplace may result in backup withholding.

Backup withholding is tax that is deducted by a company (usually the payer) when the payee (usually the taxpayer):

  • Has a missing or incorrect Taxpayer Identification Number (individual taxpayer identification number (ITIN) or Social Security Number (SSN).
  • Fails to show that they’re exempt from backup withholding, or
  • The taxpayer’s name on file doesn’t match IRS or Social Security Administration records.

If the amount withheld was inaccurate, the payer has the option to refund the amount to the taxpayer before issuing the Form 1099-K or reduce future withholding if it is within the same calendar year. If the Form 1099-K has been issued, a taxpayer may potentially receive a refund or credit when they file their tax return.

If a taxpayer was subject to backup withholding, they should report the federal income tax withheld (shown on Form 1099-K, Box 4) when they file their tax return along with other tax information to ensure that they only pay what they owe.

For more information, see Backup Withholding .

Q10. Can I provide my ITIN instead of a SSN or employee identification number (EIN) when I sell items online?  What should I do if the number on file with the payment app or online marketplace is incorrect? (added Feb. 6, 2024)

A10. Yes, an ITIN is acceptable for Form 1099-K reporting requirements.

If the number on file with the payment app or online marketplace is incorrect, please contact the filer to have it corrected so you are not subject to backup withholding. For more information on backup withholding, go to Backup Withholding .

Q11. What should I do if I get multiple Forms 1099-K, each reflecting different transactions? (added Feb. 6, 2024)

A11 . You should use all the forms and your other records to determine your actual tax liability when you file your return.

See Understanding your Form 1099-K on how to report Form 1099-K payments.

Related topics

  • Understanding your Form 1099-K
  • General information  
  • What to do if you receive a Form 1099-K
  • Common situations
  • Third Party filers
  • Should my organization be preparing, filing and furnishing Form 1099-K?

Previous updates to FAQs

  • Fact Sheet 2023-06 PDF , March 22, 2023
  • Fact Sheet 2022-41 PDF , Dec. 28, 2022
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Biden says 'my memory is fine,' disputes special counsel's report in national address

thumbnail

  • President Joe Biden in a White House address disputed a special counsel's claims that he willfully retained classified material at his Delaware home.
  • Biden criticized special counsel Robert Hur for saying he exhibited poor memory during an investigation of that material.
  • Hur decided not to file criminal charges against Biden in the case.
  • Another special counsel, Jack Smith, is prosecuting former President Donald Trump for retaining classified material at his Mar-a-Lago club in Florida.

President Joe Biden on Thursday evening strongly disputed new claims by Department of Justice special counsel Robert Hur that he "willfully retained and disclosed classified materials " as a private citizen, and that he exhibited poor memory during an interview about that material.

"My memory has not gotten worse," Biden told reporters in a nationally televised address at the White House hours after Hur released his report .

"My memory is fine."

"I'm an elderly man, and I know what the hell I'm doing," Biden said, in response to a reporter's question that noted Hur's reference to the president as elderly.

"I've been president and I put this country back on its feet. I don't need his recommendation," Biden said.

But minutes later, Biden referred to Egypt's president as the "president of Mexico."

Biden was visibly angry at Hur's claim that he could not remember the year his son Beau Biden died, which the special counsel cited among other examples of evidence that Biden's memory "appeared hazy" during interviews with investigators.

The president said that when he was asked a question about that year Beau died "I thought to myself [it] wasn't any of their damn business."

"How in the hell dare he raise that," Biden said of Hur. "I don't need anyone to remind me when he passed away."

The main legal takeaway from Hur's report was the special counsel's decision not to criminally charge Biden despite what Hur said was the president's willful retention of classified documents and disclosure of some classified material to the ghostwriter of his 2017 memoir.

The material was retained in Biden's Wilmington, Delaware, home, and at an office in Washington, D.C., after he ceased being vice president in January 2017.

Biden's lawyers have said the material began being found in late 2022, months after former President Donald Trump was indicted on charges related to retaining classified documents at his Florida residence after he left the White House, and to his obstructing efforts by officials to recover those documents.

Biden said, "I've seen the headlines since the report was released about my willful retention of documents."

"These assertions are not only misleading, they're just plain wrong," the president said.

Biden forcefully denied sharing the material with the writer.

And the president noted that Hur on page 215 of the same report wrote that "while it is natural to assume that Mr. Biden put the Afghanistan documents in the box on purpose and that he knew they were there, there is in fact a shortage of evidence on these points."

"We do not know why, how, or by whom the documents were placed in the box," the report had said.

On page 12 of the report, Biden noted, the special counsel wrote, "For other recovered classified documents, after a thorough investigation the decision to decline criminal charges was straightforward."

Those classified documents were found in a Washington, D.C., office Biden had used after he ended his tenure as vice president in January 2017, and in collections of his U.S. Senate papers at the University of Delaware.

"The evidence suggests that Mr. Biden did not willfully retain these documents and that they could plausibly have been brought to these locations by mistake," the report said.

Despite that language, Hur in his report used evidence of what he said was Biden's "poor memory" to further justify his decision not to criminally charge the president.

"We have also considered that, at trial, Mr. Biden would likely present himself to a jury, as he did during our interview of him, as a sympathetic, well-meaning, elderly man with a poor memory," the special counsel said in his report.

Hur's repeated references to Biden's memory sparked a bitter backlash from the White House and Biden's supporters before the president made his televised address.

Biden's lawyers in a letter to Hur appended to the report wrote, "We do not believe that the report's treatment of President Biden's memory is accurate or appropriate."

"The report uses highly prejudicial language to describe a commonplace occurrence among witnesses: a lack of recall of years-old events," the lawyers wrote.

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Biden, in his comments Thursday night said, "For any extraneous commentary, they don't know what they're talking about," referring to Hur's remarks about his memory.

"It has no place in that report."

Biden said that he should have personally overseen the transfer of boxes from his vice presidential office in 2017, as opposed to relying on staff to perform that task.

"I take responsibility for not having seen exactly what my staff was doing," he said.

"And so I wish I had paid more attention to how the documents were being moved to where I thought they'd be moved to, the [National] Archives," he said, referring to the legal repository for governmental records.

Biden also contrasted his conduct to that of Trump's.

"All the stuff that was in my home was in filing cabinets that were either locked or able to be locked," Biden said. He contrasted that with the documents found at Trump's club Mar-a-Lago, which were "in a public place."

Biden said he agreed with the decision by Attorney General Merrick Garland to appoint a special counsel to investigate his retention of the documents. In doing so, Garland, who was appointed by Biden to lead the Department of Justice, sought to avoid an appearance of conflict that could arise from having the department itself conduct the probe.

Hur previously was U.S. attorney for Maryland. He was appointed to that post by Trump.

"I think a special counsel should have been appointed," Biden said.

"And the reason I think a special counsel should have been appointed is because I did not want to be in a position [where] they looked at Trump and weren't going to look at me, just like they looked at [Trump's] vice president" Mike Pence, who also was not criminally charged for retaining classified documents after a DOJ investigation ended last June.

"And the fact is they [Hur] made a firm conclusion: I did not break the law, period," Biden said.

Clarification: This story has been updated to clarify part of Biden's comments.

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Biden responds to special counsel report on handling of classified documents

By Devan Cole , Tori B. Powell , Elise Hammond and Piper Hudspeth Blackburn, CNN

Key things we learned from the special counsel's report into Biden's handling of classified documents

From CNN's Jeremy Herb, Hannah Rabinowitz, Devan Cole, Zachary Cohen and Holmes Lybrand

President Joe Biden makes his way to board Marine One from the South Lawn of the White House in Washington, DC, on February 8. 

Special counsel Robert Hur’s report released Thursday  did not charge President Joe Biden with a crime, but it painted a picture of a forgetful commander-in-chief who failed to properly protect highly sensitive classified information — a depiction that could hurt Biden politically.

The special counsel report found that Biden willfully retained classified information, including top secret documents, and knew he was in possession of some documents as far back as 2017, and shared some of that information with the ghostwriter of his 2017 memoir.

Here are some of the key takeaways:

  • A painful report for Biden: Hur laid out in detail how Biden mishandled classified materials, writing that FBI agents discovered materials from “the garage, offices, and basement den in Mr. Biden’s Wilmington, Delaware, home.” The materials included classified documents , including some marked at the highest top secret/sensitive compartmented information level, related to military and foreign policy in Afghanistan, as well as notebooks containing Biden's handwriting. Hur’s report also included photos depicting various parts of Biden’s homes, materials at issue in the investigation and other relevant scenes over the years.
  • Hur says evidence didn't support charging the president: While the investigation revealed that Biden “willfully retained and disclosed classified materials” after leaving office, Hur’s report says his team concluded that the evidence didn’t support prosecuting the president. The primary reason for that determination was that nothing proved a willful intent by Biden to illegally hold onto classified information. The special counsel also raised Biden’s age and memory in explaining why he didn’t bring charges.
  • Biden slams Hur's depiction of him and misspeaks: The president tore into the special counsel's depiction of him as an elderly man who was absent-minded in interviews during hastily scheduled remarks at the White House Thursday night. But just minutes after defending his memory and cognition, Biden misspoke and called President of Egypt Abdel Fattah al-Sisi the “president of Mexico,” a moment that undercut his forceful pushback against the report.
  • Republicans get political gifts: Congressional Republicans wasted no time seizing on Hur’s report, claiming that the decision not to bring criminal charges is evidence of political bias against their party’s likely presidential nominee in 2024, as well as that details about Biden’s memory issues prove he is not fit for office.

Read more takeaways from the report and reactions from Republicans and the White House.

This post has been updated following Biden's remarks.

Biden blames staff for handling of classified documents

From CNN's Nikki Carvajal

President Joe Biden.

President Joe Biden placed the blame for his handling of classified documents on his staff, saying he took responsibility for “not having seen exactly” what they were doing. 

“I take responsibility for not having seen exactly what my staff was doing,” Biden said, when asked by a reporter if he took responsibility for being careless with classified material. “Things that appear in my garage, things that came out of my home, things that were moved -- not by me but my staff."

Biden was asked later what he would do differently and responded that what he should have done is “oversee the transfer of the material that was in my office – in my offices.”

“I should have done that,” he said. “If I go back, I didn't have the responsibility, that was – my staff was supposed to do that and they referenced that in the report. And my staff did not do it in a way that – for example, I didn't know how half the boxes got in my garage until I found out staff gathering them up, put them together and took them out of the garage of my home.” 

He also drew a comparison with former President Donald Trump’s handling of classified material, saying his documents weren’t “out in like – in Mar Lago, in a public place where – and none of it was high classified, it didn't have any of that red stuff on it. You know what I mean? The red stuff around the corners? None of that.”

Special counsel Robert Hur found that Biden did not properly protect classified documents in a report released earlier Thursday but said that Biden should not be criminally charged. 

Biden spars with reporters pressing him about his age and memory

From CNN's Elise Hammond

President Joe Biden leaves after delivering remarks at the White House on Thursday.

President Joe Biden fired back at reporters lobbing questions at him on Thursday following a special counsel report that did not charge him with a crime, but it painted a picture of a forgetful commander-in-chief who failed to properly protect highly sensitive classified information

The report references apparent lapses in memory from the president. One reporter asked Biden, "How bad is your memory and can you continue as president?"

Biden replied, "My memory is so bad I let you speak."

Another reporter in the room asked the president if he believed his memory had gotten worse. Biden replied:

"None of you thought could I pass any of the things I got passed. How did that happen? I guess I just forgot what was going on," Biden quipped.

Biden fires back against Hur report's description of him as a "well-meaning, elderly man"

From CNN's Betsy Klein

President Joe Biden delivers remarks at the White House.

President Joe Biden fired back against special counsel Robert Hur’s description of why he was not charged, with Hur describing the president as potentially being seen by a jury as a “well-meaning, elderly man with a poor memory.”

He dismissed concerns from the American people about his age when pressed by CNN’s MJ Lee on the matter after previously saying they should watch him and make their own judgment.  

Age has presented a chronic issue and political liability for Biden: 46% of Democrats in a CNN poll conducted by SSRS released last week were concerned about his age.  

“That is your judgment. That is your judgment,” he told Lee, raising his voice, as she asked about the polling.

Pressed again by Lee on why he is best equipped to take on former President Donald Trump in a November general election, he said, “Because I’m the most qualified person in this country to finish the job I started.”

Biden mistakenly refers to Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi as the president of Mexico

From CNN's Piper Hudspeth Blackburn

President Joe Biden, minutes after defending his memory, mistakenly referred to Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi as the the president of Mexico while answering questions from reporters about hostage negotiations and humanitarian aid in the Gaza strip.

“Initially, the president of Mexico -- Sisi -- did not want to open up the gate to allow humanitarian material to get in. I talked to him. I convinced him to open the gate. I talked to Bibi to open the gate on Israeli side. I've been pushing really hard, really hard to get humanitarian assistance into Gaza. There are a lot of innocent people who are starving. Lots of innocent people are in trouble and dying. And it's got to stop."

Biden also noted that he’s “pushing very hard now to deal with this hostage ceasefire."

If an initial delay possible, Biden said: ”I think that we would be able to extend that so that we could increase the prospect that this fighting in Gaza changes. There's also other negotiations."

Biden says he is pleased that the special counsel decided not to bring charges

President Joe Biden speaks in the Diplomatic Reception Room of the White House on Thursday.

President Joe Biden said he’s pleased that special counsel Robert Hur “reached a firm conclusion that no charges should be brought against me in this case.” 

"The special counsel acknowledged I cooperated completely. I did not throw up any roadblocks. I sought no delays," the president said of his response to the investigation into his handling of classified documents.

Biden noted that he cooperated with the probe and sat for a five hour interview over two days in October, "even though Israel had just been attacked by Hamas."

Biden slams special counsel for saying he doesn't remember when his son died

From CNN's Elise Hammond and Nikki Carvajal

President Joe Biden speaks on Thursday.

Joe Biden slammed special counsel Robert Hur for putting in his report that the president did not remember when his son Beau died, in a mention of Biden's apparent memory lapses.

The report said investigators found Biden’s “memory was significantly limited” during interviews with his ghostwriter and an interview with Hur’s office last year. According to the report, Biden — during the 2023 interview — did not remember when his son Beau died nor the years he was vice president.

Biden started to say he wore his son's rosary every day since the day he died, but stopped, appearing to choke up. 

“Every Memorial Day we hold a service remembering him, attended by friends and family and the people who loved him,” Biden said, after a pause. “I don't need anyone. I don't need anyone to remind me when he passed away.” 

He then reiterated that when he sat down with the special counsel, “at the same time I was managing an international crisis.” 

Asked later if he felt his memory had gotten worse, Biden responded: “My memory is fine.” 

“Take a look at what I've done since I've become president,” Biden said. “None of you thought I could pass any of the things I got passed. How'd that happen?”

NOW: Biden makes remarks after special counsel report into his handling of classified documents

From CNN staff

President Joe Biden speaks during a press conferences on February 8, 2024, in Washington, DC.

President Joe Biden is now giving remarks at the White House following the release of a report by special counsel Robert Hur into his handling of classified documents.

The report concluded Biden willfully retained and disclosed classified military and national security information but recommended he not face charges.

Biden to deliver remarks Thursday night

From CNN's Kevin Liptak

President Joe Biden will deliver remarks from the White House at 7:45 p.m. the White House said. 

No topic was immediately given, but the remarks come hours after the release of special counsel Robert Hur's report on the president's handling of classified documents.

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Employers could face criminal penalties for contacting employees out of hours after right-to-disconnect laws pass

Tony Burke sitting on the front bench in the House of Representatives.

The government says it will change its own, newly passed, right-to-disconnect laws to prevent employers from facing criminal penalties for contacting employees after working hours.

The second tranche of the government's industrial relations reform passed the upper house on Thursday afternoon, giving workers the right to ignore out-of-hours calls and emails, without being penalised.

Other changes include a right for some casual workers to seek permanence and minimum standards for gig workers.

The right to disconnect was tacked onto the bill during negotiations by the Greens, who voted for the government bill along with senators David Pocock and Lidia Thorpe — fellow crossbench senators Jacqui Lambie and Tammy Tyrrell voted against it.

The new legislation could also mean that if an employee raises concerns regarding an employer's continuous contact out of work hours, the latter could receive a fine of $18,000. 

Prime Minister Anthony Albanese told the ABC on Friday morning that his government will "fix up" its right-to-disconnect laws.

"It won't mean anything it'll just mean we fix it up through separate legislation because this legislation isn't due to take effect for many months, so it won't mean anything," Mr Albanese said. 

The Workplace Relations Minister Tony Burke said on Tuesday that it was more likely that employees and employers would negotiate more formal arrangements for out of hours contact through workplace agreements and conditions for award workers would be updated by the Fair Work Commission. 

"One of the ways instead of the fines of doing it is simply having an absolute ban on there being a penalty on the worker for disengaging," Mr Burke said.

"So, if the worker disconnects, if they decide they're not going to have their phone with them if they decide they're not going to be checking their work emails, then absolutely no penalty can be brought against them. And that sort of protection would give you a way of doing it without fines on the employer." 

The laws would amend the Fair Work Act to give employees the right to 'switch off', however, there is recognition of if employers have a legitimate reason for contacting their staff at home, like seeking to fill empty shifts. 

Government Minister Bill Shorten said they tried to scrap the criminal penalties for employers that don't follow the rules but the Coalition didn't provide the support needed on Thursday night.

"It's almost like they just got so dirty at workers having improved rights that they said we are not interested in trying to resolve any of the other matters," he said. 

Mr Shorten said he had "no doubt" the government would look to make changes to the legislation before they're made law in six months, "we will sort them out", he said. 

Opposition Deputy Leader Sussan Ley said the government couldn't control the "chaos in the Senate" over the IR legislation on Thursday night.

She said it was a "bit rich" for the government to ask the Coalition to help fix their legislation. 

"It now appears that if you run or manage a business you can face jail time for contacting your employees after hours," she said. 

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the meaning of none reported

Non-Conformance Report: Everything You Need to Know

15 Mar, 2022

In many engineering organisations, when a Non-Conformance is identified, a Non-Conformance Report is created. Non-Conformances occur when a product, service or procedure does not meet the initial quality regulations or requirements defined by the standards set. They can appear in any department of your organisation, including activities, operations, processes, and production. To manage Non-Conformances properly, a Non-Conformance Tracking System is often used. This article discusses Non-Conformance Reports and how they contribute to better quality management.

What is a Non-Conformance Report?

A Non-Conformance Report (also known as a Non-Conformity Report or NCR) is a document that identifies and reports any discrepancies between the actual condition of a product, service or process and the requirements defined by quality standards. Non-Conformance Reports can be generated for any area of an organisation but are most commonly associated with manufacturing, production and operations.

The NCR is a well-organised document that reports the specific Non-Conformity found to understand the underlying threat imposed for violating the requirements and enables someone to take subsequent actions . Furthermore, the NCRs help to create a regulatory plan of action to prevent it from happening again and assist future compliance and audits.

By creating an NCR, the issue(s) can be defined, analysed, and audited to be fixed correctly and ensure the conformity will be dealt with and meet the safety and quality measures set.

A Non-Conformance Report documents the details of a Non-Conformance identified in a structured way. Accordingly, organisations, projects, or people who do not meet the quality and safety standards can be held accountable for not following the requirements.

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Types of Non-Conformance Reports

Non-Conformance Reports are typically customised and standardised for an organisation. In other words, an organisation will choose to create a Non-Conformance Report (or several) that fits the need. With a Non-Conformance Report Software, you can easily create several types of documentation that are fit for purpose, while also having the information in an orderly software environment. Below we have a Simple and Complex Non-Conformance Report Template.

Simple Non-Conformance Report

Smaller organisations might choose to have a simple one-page non-conformance report without information on details, actions and responsibilities.

Non-Conformance Report Template - Simple

Extensive Non-Conformance Report

Larger organisations and ones working with compliance will typically need a more extensive report.

Non-Conformance Report Template Complex

The information inside of Non-Conformance Reports

Organisations can customise Non-Conformance Reports to fit their specific organisational needs. For example, they can add checkboxes and text fields to the Report to capture detailed information about each Non-Conformance.

An example of information you can find within a Non-Conformance Report is

  • Date and time of the occurrence
  • Department of Non-Conformance
  • Identification number (reference)
  • Identifer of the Non-Conformance
  • Person responsible
  • E-signature of the person completing
  • Initial analysis of the Non-Conformance
  • Cause of the Non-Conformance
  • Date of Non-Conformance
  • Location of the Non-Conformity
  • Description of the Non-Conformity
  • Corrective and preventive actions
  • Significant
  • Classification of minor or major

Because Non-Conformances can be reported in various departments, there are multiple types of Non-Conformance Reports. Having a structured template for each department helps maintain the quality control system, so no information is missed.

Minor and Major Non-Conformance Reports

In general, a Non-Conformance is considered Minor or Major based on the severity and impact of the Non-Conformance.

Minor Non-Conformance

A minor Non-Conformance Report is less severe and has a lower impact on the product, service or process. The corrective action for a minor Non-Conformance is usually easy to implement and does not require significant product, service, or process changes. Minor Non-Conformance can be considered small events and small slip-ups that are easily correctable. Examples of these are:

  • Unauthorised document alteration
  • Isolated personnel incident
  • One missing document from a series
  • Slightly out-of-tolerance measurement
  • Use of unapproved equipment

Dealing with a minor Non-Conformance is usually straightforward as the corrective action required is not extensive. For example, if a machine was used that was not on the approved list, the corrective action may be as simple as updating the list of approved machines or using a different machine in future.

Major Non-conformance

Major Non-Conformances are violations that require communication up the management chain as they have a significant impact on the product, service or process. Multiple and huge violations of requirements include:

  • Unauthorised alterations of documents
  • System-wide personnel incident
  • Multiple missing or unsigned documents
  • Not meeting critical performance specifications
  • Processes out of control

Here, the corrective action is likely to be more complicated and extensive and may require significant product, service, or process changes. The expectation is that major Non-Conformances will impact the whole project. Therefore informing all parties (teams and organisations) involved on time is essential.

Why use Non-Conformance Reports?

Businesses may utilise non-conformity reporting to guarantee that established standards pass-through reporting. The benefits of reporting Non-Conformances can include:

1. Improvement of product and services

Non-Conformance Control is critical for improving your products and services since it will reveal whether you are complying with the client’s specifications or your own.

Non-Conformance Reports help you find and fix problems with your products and services. Furthermore, by filling out a Non-Conformance Report, you can take the necessary steps to avoid making the same mistake again in future.

2. Prevention of customer complaints

When customers complain, they have received a product or service that does not meet their expectations. Non-Conformance Reports help businesses to identify potential customer complaints and prevent them from happening.

3. Reduction of operational costs

By identifying and correcting problems early, businesses can avoid the cost of rework, scrap, and waste. Non-Conformance Reporting can also help companies to avoid the cost of customer complaints and lost business.

Furthermore, you will waste less money in operations if the decision is made on the Non-Conformance not to fix or maintain technical requirements. Transparency and communication are vital in ensuring that all stakeholders are updated and aware of the situation.

4. Improvement of efficiency

By addressing problems early, businesses can improve the efficiency of their operations. Non-Conformance Reports can help companies to identify and eliminate bottlenecks and streamline processes.

Through a Non-Conformance tracking system, you can efficiently communicate, track, and manage the status of each Non-Conformance throughout the entire process from discovery to closure. This will help ensure that corrective and preventative actions are on time and that the root cause of the problem is identified and addressed.

5. Prevention of reoccurrence of non-conformities

Non-conformity reports help identify the root causes of non-conformities and prevent them from happening again. This can improve the quality of products and services and the efficiency of operations.

When someone needs to write a report on an issue that has arisen, they will be less likely to make the same mistake twice if they have a clear understanding of what went wrong and why. By implementing a Non-Conformance reporting system, you can help to ensure that lessons are learned from mistakes and that the quality of your products and services is improved.

6. Compliance with regulatory requirements

Many businesses must comply with regulatory requirements ( ISO , ECSS , AS9100 , etc.) that mandate the reporting of Non-Conformances. By complying with these requirements, businesses can improve their image and demonstrate their commitment to quality.

The specific requirements will vary depending on the location and type of business. Whether you are working in aerospace, space or telecommunication, most legal systems require some form of Non-Conformance reporting as part of regulatory compliance.

7. Improve communication

Effective communication is essential for the smooth running of any organisation. Non-Conformance Reports can help to improve communication by ensuring that information about problems and their resolution is shared between all relevant parties.

Improved communication and coordination between departments will help to avoid the duplication of effort and the waste of resources. Requirement issues arising in one department can be communicated to other departments to be considered in the development process.

8. Optimisation of ROI

When reporting on Non-Conformances throughout the organisation, such as time, people, tools, manufacturing, operations, productions, etc., it allows you to track impacts on other departments, customers, and the business as a whole.

Issues arising that will have a serious impact on the products or service quality will be dealt with by the Non-Conformance board. In this manner, they ensure that the return on investment is maximised.

How to manage Non-Conformances Reports

The management of Non-Conformances is done by creating Non-Conformance Reports and notifying Non-Conformance Boards.

The Non-Conformance board will have to deal with the product or service that doesn’t meet the requirements. Options include:

  • Scrap – The product is discarded and is no longer used.
  • Rework – The product is sent back to be fixed to meet the requirements.
  • Regrade – The product is downgraded so it can still be used, but it doesn’t meet the requirements.
  • Repair – The product is fixed, so it meets the requirements.
  • Do nothing – The product is used as it is, even though it doesn’t meet the requirements.

Non-Conformance boards consist of different people from different parts of the company who will work together to fix the product. The management of Non-Conformances can be a complex and time-consuming task. Businesses can use software that automates the creation, assignment, and tracking of Non-Conformance Reports to streamline the process.

Non-Conformance reporting software can help businesses to:

  • Improve communication
  • Avoid duplication of effort
  • Reduce the risk of human error
  • Improve the management of Non-Conformances

Non-Conformance Report

ECLIPSE Non-Conformance Tracking System

The ECLIPSE Non-Conformance Tracking System (eNCTS) can help businesses manage non-conformances. It provides a centralised system for all Non-Conformance Reports and automates templates, non-conformance boards, notification, and tracking of non-conformances.

With the other modules , ECLIPSE can offer a complete solution for quality management. Contact us for a free demo and learn more about how we can help you manage non-conformances in a compliant way.

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Eight Words and a Verbal Slip Put Biden’s Age Back at the Center of 2024

A special counsel’s stinging report and an uneven White House appearance captured Democrats’ fears about President Biden and fueled Republicans as they try to cast him as weak.

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President Biden appearing at a last-minute news conference at the White House on Thursday.

By Shane Goldmacher ,  Reid J. Epstein and Katie Glueck

When President Biden appeared at a last-minute news conference on Thursday night, he hoped to assure the country of his mental acuity hours after a special counsel’s report had devastatingly referred to him as a “well-meaning, elderly man with a poor memory.”

Instead, a visibly angry Mr. Biden made the exact type of verbal flub that has kept Democrats so nervous for months, mistakenly referring to the president of Egypt, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, as the “president of Mexico” as he tried to address the latest developments in the war in Gaza.

The special counsel’s report and the president’s evening performance placed Mr. Biden’s advanced age, the singularly uncomfortable subject looming over his re-election bid, back at the center of America’s political conversation.

The 81-year-old president — already the oldest in the nation’s history — has for years fought the perception that he is a diminished figure. “My memory is fine,” he insisted on Thursday from the White House.

Yet in a single cutting phrase, the report from Robert K. Hur , the special counsel who had investigated Mr. Biden’s handling of classified documents, captured the fears of Democrats who hold their breath when Mr. Biden appears in public and the hopes of Republicans, especially former President Donald J. Trump and his allies. The Trump operation has made plain its intent to use Mr. Biden’s stiffer gait and sometimes garbled speech to cast him as weak.

The Biden campaign has built its strategy around telling voters that the November election is a choice between the president, whatever doubts the public has about his age, and an opponent in Mr. Trump, 77, whom they paint as a threat to democracy and personal freedoms.

Democrats long ago cast their lot with Mr. Biden. With no serious alternative in the primary race, many in the party believe the country’s future is riding on the president’s ability to persuade voters that he is still up for the job for another four years.

But for all of Mr. Trump’s vulnerabilities — the Republican Party has been on a protracted losing streak since he rose to power — the upward of $2 billion that the Biden campaign and its allies hope to raise and spend will not make the current president any younger.

And Thursday night’s news conference was an example of the political dangers for Mr. Biden, whose missteps are magnified in part by the White House team’s tight control over his media exposure. His aides are so risk averse that they passed even on a pre-Super Bowl interview this weekend before one of the nation’s largest annual television audiences.

“Fair or not, you can’t unring the bell,” said David Axelrod, the former strategist for Barack Obama who has emerged as one of the Democratic Party’s leading figures warning about how voters view Mr. Biden’s age. Mr. Axelrod said the special counsel’s report was so troubling for Democrats because it “goes to the core of what is plaguing Biden politically now, which is a widespread fear that he’s not up to it.”

He added: “The most damaging things in politics are the things that confirm people’s pre-existing suspicions, and those are the things that travel very fast. It’s a problem.”

The Biden campaign declined to comment.

As a legal matter, Mr. Hur’s report absolved Mr. Biden of criminal wrongdoing, announcing that there was insufficient evidence to charge him. But Democrats seized on his loaded language — Mr. Hur also invoked Mr. Biden’s “diminished faculties in advancing age” as something that would have been sympathetic to a jury — to accuse the special counsel, who was once a Trump appointee, of partisan motives.

For Republicans aiming to oust Mr. Biden, the report and the president’s angry response came as a gift after several days in which their own dysfunction in Congress dominated the news . The Republican National Committee quickly created a graphic with the report’s eight most brutal words — “well-meaning, elderly man with a poor memory” — grafted onto the Biden campaign logo.

Never mind that the special counsel declined to charge Mr. Biden while Mr. Trump’s own, more serious case over whether he mishandled classified documents remains part of the 91 felony charges he faces across four jurisdictions.

Still, Chris LaCivita, a top strategist for Mr. Trump, called the special counsel’s description of Mr. Biden “damning and defining.”

“The report confirms what Americans have been witnessing across their TV screens for the last few years — that an elderly man with a poor memory is leading America into a morass of wars, inflationary disaster and lack of opportunity for taxpaying Americans,” Mr. LaCivita said.

Senator Chris Coons, a Delaware Democrat who is close to Mr. Biden, predicted that he would receive more calls from “people expressing concern.” But he said he would respond by recounting his direct experiences with Mr. Biden, which he said demonstrated that the president was “sharp, engaged and purposeful.”

Still, Mr. Biden’s mix-up of Egypt and Mexico came soon after a couple of slips in the last week regarding deceased European leaders. First, during a campaign swing in Nevada, he confused François Mitterrand, a former French president who died in 1996 , with the country’s current president, Emmanuel Macron. Then, on Wednesday, he referred twice to having met in 2021 with Helmut Kohl, a former German chancellor who died in 2017 , instead of with Angela Merkel, who led the country three years ago.

Mr. Coons made light of “the calls I get from freaked-out Democrats saying, ‘Oh my God, the president said X!’ I think, ‘And the former president said Y!’ If you asked Donald Trump who François Mitterrand was, he would look at you like, ‘What are you talking about?’”

Mr. Trump has made his own series of verbal stumbles — he recently confused Nikki Haley with Nancy Pelosi and previously mixed up the leaders of Hungary and Turkey — but polls show that voters do not question his sharpness the same way they do Mr. Biden’s. An NBC News poll released this week found that voters gave Mr. Trump an advantage of 16 percentage points on the question of who was more competent and effective — a 25-point swing since 2020, when Mr. Biden held a nine-point edge on that question.

Ms. Haley has argued that a new generation would better serve the country and both parties. “The first party to retire its 80-year-old candidate is going to win this election!” she wrote in a fund-raising email on Thursday.

Mr. Biden’s aides stressed privately that suggestions that his memory is lapsing would not hurt him because voters have already priced in his age when considering whether to support him against Mr. Trump. Some of the president’s allies on Thursday dusted off a playbook used by past presidents facing inquiries: Attack the investigators as motivated by partisan politics.

Representative Robert Garcia, a California Democrat, said Mr. Hur had no expertise to judge Mr. Biden’s memory.

“The folks writing this report, they are lawyers, they’re not doctors,” Mr. Garcia said. “This person’s a Republican who couldn’t find any evidence. He’s probably trying to hurt the president politically .”

For many Democrats, the episode was an unwelcome echo of the approach to the 2016 election. James B. Comey, the F.B.I. director at the time, held a news conference that summer to declare that he would not charge Hillary Clinton over her use of a private email server, but he still excoriated her judgment — and then, months later, reopened his investigation in the days before the election.

“This, for many of us, brings back the 11 days prior to Clinton-Trump,” said Bakari Sellers, a Democratic strategist, who predicted that Mr. Biden’s troubles would blow over because the election remains far away. “The blessing for Biden is that he was old before this report, he’ll be old after this report. We all knew he is old.”

The special counsel’s report was surprisingly blunt. It described Mr. Biden’s memory as appearing to have “significant limitations,” characterized an interview he recorded in 2017 as “painfully slow” and said Mr. Biden did not remember some key dates of his vice presidency or “when his son Beau died.”

In a letter to the special counsel, Mr. Biden’s lawyers called the numerous references to Mr. Biden’s memory “gratuitous,” as well as “prejudicial and inflammatory.” And Mr. Biden himself, with visible frustration, expressed disbelief at the idea he did not know when his son had died: “How in the hell dare he raise that?”

Representative Daniel S. Goldman, a New York Democrat and a former federal prosecutor, said the attention that Mr. Biden’s Mexico-Egypt slip instantly attracted was a “perfect example of where the age issues get completely exaggerated and blown out of proportion.”

Mr. Biden remains almost certain to be the Democratic nominee. He has won his party’s first nominating contests with ease, and deadlines to qualify for the Democratic primary ballot have passed in about 80 percent of states and territories.

Representative Dean Phillips of Minnesota, who is Mr. Biden’s only remaining Democratic primary challenger, has attracted little support so far. Mr. Phillips said the special counsel’s description of Mr. Biden’s memory showed that “the president is not in a position to continue to serve as our commander in chief beyond January 2025.”

James Carville, the veteran Democratic strategist, said that the negative perceptions of Mr. Biden’s age could not be dismissed as a distraction.

“The public does not view his age as — that’s not a Fox News issue,” he said in an interview after the news conference. “It’s not a Taylor Swift rigging the Super Bowl kind of thing. So — I don’t know how you get out of this.”

“The whole day,” he added, “was confirming an existing suspicion.”

Maggie Haberman contributed reporting.

Shane Goldmacher is a national political correspondent, covering the 2024 campaign and the major developments, trends and forces shaping American politics. He can be reached at [email protected] . More about Shane Goldmacher

Reid J. Epstein covers campaigns and elections from Washington. Before joining The Times in 2019, he worked at The Wall Street Journal, Politico, Newsday and The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. More about Reid J. Epstein

Katie Glueck is a national political reporter. Previously, she was chief Metro political correspondent, and a lead reporter for The Times covering the Biden campaign. She also covered politics for McClatchy’s Washington bureau and for Politico. More about Katie Glueck

Biden’s Mental Acuity Under Scrutiny

Comments about president biden’s age and memory in the special counsel’s report have captured democrats’ fears ahead of the november election and fueled republicans in their efforts to cast the president as weak..

An Age-Old Question: How old is too old to be president? The report has thrust the issue back into the spotlight  just as America seems poised to elect a commander in chief well past typical retirement age, no matter who wins in November.

Implications for 2024 Election: Why is the age issue hurting Biden  so much more than Donald Trump? Both are over 75, but voters are much less likely to worry that Trump is too old to serve .

Voter Reactions: To Americans in their 70s and 80s, the renewed questions swirling around Biden’s age have resonated in deeply personal ways . Many agree that it’s an issue, while others feel the criticism of Biden is insulting.

Rebuffing the Report: Vice President Kamala Harris and other White House officials have sought to discredit the report , suggesting that it was more of a political attack than an unbiased legal document .

The Science of Memory Loss: After the report’s release, medical experts noted that the special counsel’s judgments on Biden’s mental health did not appear to be based on science .

A Protective White House: Biden’s top aides have created a cocoon around him out of concern that his mistakes could be amplified and damage his image. The events that followed the report’s release emphasized those risks in striking ways .

‘A nightmare’: Special counsel’s assessment of Biden’s mental fitness triggers Democratic panic

WASHINGTON — President Joe Biden sidestepped any criminal charges as the investigation into his handling of classified documents concluded, but the political blowback from the special counsel’s report Thursday could prove even more devastating, reinforcing impressions that he is too old and impaired to hold the highest office.

Special counsel Robert Hur’s portrait of a man who couldn’t remember when he served as Barack Obama’s vice president, or the year when his beloved son Beau died, dealt a blow to Biden’s argument that he is still sharp and fit enough to serve another four-year term.

In deciding not to charge Biden with any crimes, the special counsel wrote that in a potential trial, “Mr. Biden would likely present himself to a jury, as he did during our interview with him, as a sympathetic, well-meaning, elderly man with a poor memory.”

It was tough enough for Biden to reassure voters about his health before Hur’s report hit like a thunderclap Thursday afternoon, prompting members of his own party to question whether he could remain the nominee in November.

“It’s a nightmare,” said a Democratic House member who asked to speak anonymously to provide a frank assessment, adding that “it weakens President Biden electorally, and Donald Trump would be a disaster and an authoritarian.”

“For Democrats, we’re in a grim situation.”

Biden wasted little time before attempting to minimize the fallout. He held an unexpected exchange with reporters in the White House on Thursday night, in which he disputed Hur's assessment of his mental acuity.

Biden grew emotional when invoking the part of the report addressing the date of his son's death.

"How in the hell dare you raise that?" Biden said. "Frankly, when I was asked the question I thought to myself, 'It wasn't any of their damn business.' "

‘Beyond devastating’

Polling has long shown that age looms as Biden’s greatest liability in his expected rematch with Trump. A January poll by NBC News found that 76% of voters have major or moderate concerns about Biden’s mental and physical health.

“It’s been a problem since way before this ever happened,” said a longtime Democratic operative who noted that when focus groups are asked to apply one word to Biden, it is often “old.”

Just this week, Biden twice referred to conversations he’s had as president with foreign leaders who’ve long since died. In his remarks Thursday night defending his competency, while talking about the war in Gaza, he referred to Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sissi as being the head of Mexico. White House press aides have downplayed such lapses as the sort of mistake anyone in public life can make.

The Hur report strips away the defenses that Biden’s press operation has used to protect him and raises fresh doubts about whether Biden is up to the rigors of the presidency, Democratic strategists said in interviews.

“This is beyond devastating,” said another Democratic operative, speaking on condition of anonymity to talk candidly about Biden’s shortcomings. “It confirms every doubt and concern that voters have. If the only reason they didn’t charge him is because he’s too old to be charged, then how can he be president of the United States?”

Asked if Hur’s report changes the calculus for Democrats who expect Biden to be the party’s nominee, this person said: “How the f--- does it not?”

Another Biden ally called it “the worst day of his presidency.”

“I think he needs to show us this is a demonstrably false characterization of him and that he has what it takes to win and govern.”

Biden has overwhelmingly won the first primary contests — notching victories in New Hampshire, South Carolina and Nevada. It would be virtually impossible for anyone else to challenge him at this point; the deadline has passed in more than 30 states to get on primary ballots.

Some of the president’s allies were quick to defend him. They pointed to the timing of the interview with the special counsel — days after Hamas’ attack on Israel, which had captured much of the president’s focus. Others said that in their own dealings with Biden, he shows no sign of infirmity.

“He did so well in this discussion with members,” Rep. Susan Wild, D-Pa., told NBC News after seeing the president on Thursday. “He’s very sharp, no memory issues, and his only stumbling is when he trips over words consistent with his lifelong speech impediment.”

‘Prejudicial language’

Though Biden was fortunate to escape indictment, the special counsel report may give Trump additional fodder as he fights charges for allegedly mishandling classified records at his Mar-a-Lago social club. Republicans are already accusing Biden of benefiting from a double standard . Trump will likely brandish the Hur report as proof that Biden has “weaponized” the Justice Department for political advantage.

What’s more, Democrats will now be hard-pressed to capitalize on Trump’s indictment over retaining classified records. Before Hur’s report came out, Democrats argued that the two cases were very different. Whereas Trump failed to turn over classified records even after he was asked to do so, Biden willingly cooperated with authorities and relinquished all the material he had, Biden allies had argued.

“The public understands the essential difference between presidents or vice presidents like Joe Biden who occasionally behaved in sloppy ways with respect to where they were taking documents, and a president like Trump, who deliberately makes off with hundreds of classified government documents and then hides them and refuses to return them,” Rep. Jamie Raskin, D-Md., said on Wednesday, before the report was released. (Trump has denied any wrongdoing.)

Now, the distinctions may be harder for Biden allies to draw, given that Hur wrote that there was evidence Biden “willfully retained and disclosed classified material after his vice presidency when he was a private citizen.”

The report mentions an instance in February 2017, when he was no longer vice president, when Biden read notes containing classified information “nearly verbatim” to a ghostwriter helping him with his book, “Promise Me, Dad.”

Storage of sensitive government secrets was haphazard. The report describes certain classified records involving the war in Afghanistan in Biden’s Delaware garage inside a “badly damaged box surrounded by household detritus.”

Before the report was released, Biden aides had been bracing for a finding that he had simply been careless in his treatment of classified records, a person familiar with the White House’s thinking said.

The political fallout from the report, though, is likely to be “worse,” this person said. What will stick in people’s minds is what Hur said about Biden’s memory, the person added.

Biden’s lawyers disputed the report’s description of Biden’s forgetfulness.

“We do not believe that the report’s treatment of President Biden’s memory is accurate or appropriate,” two of his lawyers wrote in a letter to Hur. “The report uses highly prejudicial language to describe a commonplace occurrence among witnesses: a lack of recall of years-old events.”

In the hours after the report was released, people close to the Biden campaign rolled out a different rebuttal. Jim Messina, who ran Obama’s 2012 re-election campaign, wrote on X, the site formerly known as Twitter, that Hur is a Republican who “knew exactly how his swipes could hurt Biden politically.”

That’s a familiar argument. Trump has also claimed that law enforcement is trying to sway the election, meaning both sides are now claiming victimization at the hands of partisan prosecutors.

“Hur knew exactly what he was doing here,” Stephanie Cutter, a veteran Democratic operative, wrote on X. “To provide political cover for himself for not prosecuting, he gratuitously leveled a personal (not legal) charge against the president that he absolutely knows is a gift to Trump. And, guess what we are all talking about?”

the meaning of none reported

Peter Nicholas is a senior national political reporter for NBC News.

Cambridge Dictionary

  • Cambridge Dictionary +Plus

Meaning of none – Learner’s Dictionary

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  • Let's face it, none of us are getting any younger .
  • We were thankful that none of the children saw the accident .
  • Applicants are screened to ensure that none of them is a security risk .
  • None of buildings were safe to live in.
  • None of the students had done their homework .

(Definition of none from the Cambridge Learner's Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)

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  1. Reported Speech: A Complete Grammar Guide ~ ENJOY THE JOURNEY

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  2. Reported Speech: A Complete Grammar Guide ~ ENJOY THE JOURNEY

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  3. Reported Speech: A Complete Grammar Guide ~ ENJOY THE JOURNEY

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  5. Reported Speech: Important Grammar Rules and Examples • 7ESL

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  6. "Exploring the Meaning of None: A Look at its History and Significance

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COMMENTS

  1. none reported

    1 The New York Times In addition, none reported suspicious activity. 2 The New York Times Inds Nstar Wausau-Mosinee Paper FRIDAY None reported. 3 The New York Times None reported having friends or living on their own. 4 The New York Times - Magazine

  2. Reported Definition & Meaning

    noun re· port ri-ˈpȯrt Synonyms of report 1 a : common talk or an account spread by common talk : rumor b : quality of reputation a witness of good report 2 a : a usually detailed account or statement a news report b : an account or statement of a judicial opinion or decision c : a usually formal record of the proceedings of a meeting or session 3

  3. None reported definition

    pron. 1 not any of a particular class. none of my letters has arrived. 2 no-one; nobody. there was none to tell the tale. 3 no part (of a whole); not any (of) none of it looks edible. 4 ♦ none other no other person. none other than the Queen herself.

  4. Unreported Definition & Meaning

    un· re· port· ed ˌən-ri-ˈpȯr-təd : kept private or hidden : not reported unreported income an incident that went largely unreported Examples of unreported in a Sentence Recent Examples on the Web This article is part of Overlooked, a series of obituaries about remarkable people whose deaths, beginning in 1851, went unreported in The Times.

  5. None reported definition

    FORMAL ♦ none too phrase PHR adj/adv (emphasis) He was none too thrilled to hear from me at that hour..., Her hand grasped my shoulder, none too gently. 4 You use none the to say that someone or something does not have any more of a particular quality than they did before. ♦ none the phrase PHR compar (=no)

  6. NONE

    pronoun us / nʌn / uk / nʌn / Add to word list B1 not one (of a group of people or things), or not any: None of my children has/have blonde hair. "I'd like some more cheese ." "I'm sorry there's none left ." "Do you have any idea how much this cost ?" "None at all/None whatsoever ." Fewer examples

  7. None Definition & Meaning

    1 : not any 2 : not one : nobody 3 : not any such thing or person 4 : no part : nothing none 2 of 4 adjective archaic : not any : no none 3 of 4 adverb 1 : by no means : not at all none too soon to begin 2 : in no way : to no extent none the worse for wear none 4 of 4 noun ˈnōn often capitalized : the fifth of the canonical hours Synonyms Pronoun

  8. "Nones" on the Rise in 2012

    The growth in the number of religiously unaffiliated Americans - sometimes called the rise of the "nones" - is largely driven by generational replacement, the gradual supplanting of older generations by newer ones. 4 A third of adults under 30 have no religious affiliation (32%), compared with just one-in-ten who are 65 and older (9%).

  9. No, none and none of

    from English Grammar Today No and none of are determiners. None is a pronoun. No, none and none of indicate negation. No We use no directly before nouns: I've got no time to waste. There are no people I recognise here. She says she has no friends. None None is the pronoun form of no. None means 'not one' or 'not any'.

  10. Noncovered Security: Definition, Reporting Rules, vs. Covered

    A noncovered security is a designation given by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) which means a brokerage is not required to report the cost basis of that security to the IRS. The...

  11. grammar

    None is descended from Old English nān, meaning not one, and has been used for around a thousand years with both a singular and a plural verb, depending on the context and the emphasis needed. I would rather write the sentence you reported as

  12. What Is Nonresponse Bias?| Definition & Example

    Nonresponse bias happens when those unwilling or unable to take part in a research study are different from those who do. In other words, this bias occurs when respondents and nonrespondents categorically differ in ways that impact the research. As a result, the sample is no longer representative of the population as a whole.

  13. Fact check: Biden makes three false claims about his handling of ...

    President Joe Biden gave a press conference on Thursday night after the release of a report from the special counsel, Robert Hur, who announced that Biden would not face charges over his handling ...

  14. Is "None" Singular or Plural?

    Summary None may be either singular or plural, depending on whether you mean "not one" or "not any." To negate a reference for individual people or things, use a singular verb; for an entire group, use a plural verb. Singular: None of them is ready. to refer to each of them Plural: None of them are ready. to refer to all of them

  15. Create a form in Word that users can complete or print

    Show the Developer tab. If the developer tab isn't displayed in the ribbon, see Show the Developer tab.. Open a template or use a blank document. To create a form in Word that others can fill out, start with a template or document and add content controls.

  16. What the classified documents report could mean for Biden's bid for

    A report on President Biden's handling of classified documents is adding fuel to a political attack that he is not mentally fit for office. Here are takeaways from the special counsel's findings.

  17. Form 1099-K FAQs: What to do if you receive a Form 1099-K

    Not necessarily. Just because a payment is reported on a Form 1099-K does not mean it is taxable. Also, just because a payment is not reported on a Form 1099-K does not mean it is not taxable. How you report Form 1099-K payment amounts on your tax return depends on the type of payments you received.

  18. What is another word for not reported

    Adjective Not included in a list unlisted unregistered unrecorded uncataloged unreported not recorded ex-directory unmarked untabulated unidentified uncounted unaccounted for not counted "Although it was not reported by the media, Sara was there shortly after it happened." Find more words! not reported Nearby Words not required not resembling

  19. Biden disputes special counsel report, says memory 'fine'

    The main legal takeaway from Hur's report was the special counsel's decision not to criminally charge Biden despite what Hur said was the president's willful retention of classified documents and ...

  20. Special counsel report on Biden's handling of classified ...

    9:24 p.m. ET, February 8, 2024 Key things we learned from the special counsel's report into Biden's handling of classified documents. From CNN's Jeremy Herb, Hannah Rabinowitz, Devan Cole, Zachary ...

  21. NONE definition in American English

    1. not one. none of the books is interesting. 2. no one; not anyone. none of us is ready. 3. [with pl. v.] no persons or things; not any. many letters were received but none were answered.

  22. Employers could face criminal penalties for contacting employees out of

    The new legislation could also mean that if an employee raises concerns regarding an employer's continuous contact out of work hours, the latter could receive a fine of $18,000.

  23. Non-Conformance Report: Everything You Need to Know

    15 Mar, 2022. In many engineering organisations, when a Non-Conformance is identified, a Non-Conformance Report is created. Non-Conformances occur when a product, service or procedure does not meet the initial quality regulations or requirements defined by the standards set. They can appear in any department of your organisation, including ...

  24. Special Counsel Report Is Legal Exoneration but Political Nightmare for

    Special Counsel's Report Puts Biden's Age and Memory in the Spotlight After an inquiry concluded that President Biden was "well-meaning" but had "a poor memory," he angrily fired back ...

  25. Opinion

    The special counsel Robert K. Hur's report, in which he declined to prosecute President Biden for his handling of classified documents, also included a much-debated assessment of Mr. Biden's ...

  26. Biden's Age and Memory Rise to Center of 2024 Presidential Campaign

    The Republican National Committee quickly created a graphic with the report's eight most brutal words — "well-meaning, elderly man with a poor memory" — grafted onto the Biden campaign logo.

  27. Biden won't be charged in classified docs case; special counsel cites

    Hur's report included several shocking lines about Biden's memory, which the report said "was significantly limited" during his 2023 interviews with the special counsel.

  28. 'A nightmare': Special counsel's assessment of Biden's mental fitness

    Special counsel Hur's report hit like a thunderclap, prompting members of Joe Biden's own party to question whether he could remain the nominee in November.

  29. NONE

    in Spanish ninguno, nadie, nada… See more in Portuguese nenhum, nenhuma, nenhum/-ma…